MinuteEarth

The Problem with Antivenom

12 jun 2025

Discover who you are with MyHeritage. Get a 14-day free trial here: https://bit.ly/MinuteEarth2 Venomous snakes kill nearly 100,000 people a year. Which is weird, because we have a pretty effective treatment for venomous snake bites; it’s actually been around for more than a hundred years. So why are so many people still dying? LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Envenomation: The process by which venom is injected by a venomous animal. - Antivenom: Purified antibodies against specific venom components. - Tropical zone: The area of the Earth between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. - Toxicofera: The clade of snakes and lizards that first evolved venom more than 170 million years ago. If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: “How Horses Save Humans From Snakebites” by @veritasium https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ziWrneMYss SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Global Snakebite Initiative. (2021) “Minutes To Die Documentary.” https://youtu.be/jKOSo_9kvtA Fry, B. (2020). Antivenom’s Fatal Flaw. The University of Queensland. https://uq.edu.au/research/impact/stories/antivenoms-fatal-flaw/AntivenomFatalFlaw.pdf Sachs, J. (2001). “Tropical Underdevelopment.” National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w8119 Afroz, A., Siddiquea, B. N., Chowdhury, H. A., Jackson, T. N., & Watt, A. D. (2024). Snakebite envenoming: A systematic review and meta-analysis of global morbidity and mortality. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 18(4), e0012080. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012080 Wilcox, C. (2024). Powerful new antivenom raises hopes for a universal solution to lethal snakebites. https://www.science.org/content/article/powerful-new-antivenom-raises-hopes-universal-solution-lethal-snakebites

This Video Took Us 8 Years To Make

22 mei 2025

Help us make well-researched science videos at https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth We want to tell important stories about our natural world, but some ideas that seem great initially end up being way too big to cover in a short video. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Species concept: A methodology for determining whether two organisms are members of the same species. - Speciation: The evolutionary process by which new species arise. - Polyploid speciation: Speciation that occurs due to a change in the number of chromosomes. - Allopatric speciation: Speciation that occurs due to geographic isolation. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Stankowski, S., & Ravinet, M. (2021). Quantifying the use of species concepts. Current biology : CB, 31(9), R428–R429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.060 K. de Queiroz (2005), Ernst Mayr and the modern concept of species, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (suppl_1) 6600-6607. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0502030102 Shu-Jin Luo, Warren E. Johnson, James L. David Smith, Stephen J. O’Brien (2010). Chapter 3 - What Is a Tiger? Genetics and Phylogeography, Editor(s): Ronald Tilson, Philip J. Nyhus, In Noyes Series in Animal Behavior, Ecology, Conservation, and Management, Tigers of the World (Second Edition), William Andrew Publishing, Pages 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-8155-1570-8.00003-7 National Academies of Sciences, Medicine, Division on Earth, Life Studies, Board on Life Sciences, Committee on Assessing the Taxonomic Status of the Red Wolf, & the Mexican Gray Wolf. (2019). Evaluating the taxonomic status of the Mexican gray wolf and the red wolf. National Academies Press. https://books.google.cl/books?id=br2YDwAAQBAJ Rothfels, C. J., & Otto, S. P. (2016). Polyploid speciation. https://escholarship.org/content/qt0s7998kv/qt0s7998kv.pdf

When Evolution Glitches Out

8 mei 2025

Learn how to help save birds in your community at https://birds.naturecanada.ca Animals are prone to falling for “evolutionary traps”: modern human-made stuff that accidentally tricks them into maladaptive behavior. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Evolutionary trap: a situation where an organism, due to a change in its environment (often human-induced), makes a decision that was once adaptive but now leads to a maladaptive outcome, even though better alternatives exist. - Stimulus: a detectable change in an organism's internal or external environment that triggers a response. - Supernormal stimulus: a stimulus that elicits a response more strongly than the natural stimulus for which it evolved. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Barrett, Deirdre. Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose. 22 Feb. 2010, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265122809_Supernormal_Stimuli_How_Primal_Urges_Overran_Their_Evolutionary_Purpose Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. “Artificial Lighting and Sea Turtle Hatchling Behavior.” Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 2020, https://myfwc.com/research/wildlife/sea-turtles/threats/artificial-lighting/ Gwynne, D. T., and D. C. F. Rentz. “BEETLES on the BOTTLE: MALE BUPRESTIDS MISTAKE STUBBIES for FEMALES (COLEOPTERA).” Australian Journal of Entomology, vol. 22, no. 1, Feb. 1983, pp. 79–80, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1983.tb01846.x Hagman, Mattias, et al. “Fatal Attraction: Adaptations to Prey on Native Frogs Imperil Snakes after Invasion of Toxic Toads.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol. 276, no. 1668, 7 Aug. 2009, pp. 2813–2818, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0192 Loss, Scott R., et al. “Bird–Building Collisions in the United States: Estimates of Annual Mortality and Species Vulnerability.” The Condor, vol. 116, no. 1, Feb. 2014, pp. 8–23, https://doi.org/10.1650/condor-13-090.1 Robertson, Bruce A., et al. “Ecological Novelty and the Emergence of Evolutionary Traps.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 28, no. 9, Sept. 2013, pp. 552–560, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.04.004 Wolchover, Natalie. “Why Beetles Have Sex with Beer Bottles: Q&a with Scientists.” Live Science, 30 Sept. 2011, https://www.livescience.com/16331-discoverers-beetle-beer-bottle-sex.html

Why The Frequency Illusion Is Everywhere Now

4 mei 2025

Want to sponsor a MinuteEarth video? Email us at minuteearth@gmail.com This is a story about attention, memory, and headless goat hockey, which is a totally real sport played on horseback with a goat carcass standing in for a ball. It's known by many names throughout central asia, but I first encountered it as "buzkashi". It's wild, and I swear it is relevant. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Frequency Illusion: a cognitive bias where a recently learned or noticed phenomenon seems to appear more frequently than it actually does. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Purohit, Kush. “The Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon in Radiology.” Academic Radiology, Feb. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2019.01.025 Rodriguez, Alicita, and University Communications. “What Is the Frequency Illusion?” CU Denver News, 24 Sept. 2019, news.ucdenver.edu/what-is-the-frequency-illusion/ The Economist. “The Incredible Story of Afghanistan’s Exiled Women’s Cricket Team.” The Economist, 19 Dec. 2024, www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2024/12/19/the-incredible-story-of-afghanistans-exiled-womens-cricket-team van der Meulen, Marten. “Are We Indeed so Illuded? Recency and Frequency Illusions in Dutch Prescriptivism.” Languages, vol. 7, no. 1, 22 Feb. 2022, p. 42, https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7010042 Zwicky, Arnold. “Language Log: Just between Dr. Language and I.” Itre.cis.upenn.edu, itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002386.html

Another Ancestor Paradox

10 apr 2025

Get 15% off 6" and 8.5" globes using the code "MINUTEEARTH" at https://www.movaglobes.com There is a point in human history where everyone alive at the time fits into one of two categories: Either they are the ancestor of nobody alive today, or they are an ancestor of everyone alive today because of how genealogy and genetic lineages work – and it is much more recent than you think. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Identical ancestors point: the most recent point in a population's past where each individual alive then is either the ancestor of every individual alive now or has no currently living descendants. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Chang, Joseph T. “Recent Common Ancestors of All Present-Day Individuals.” Advances in Applied Probability, vol. 31, no. 4, 1 Dec. 1999, pp. 1002–1026, https://doi.org/10.1239/aap/1029955256 Rohde, Douglas L. T., et al. “Modelling the Recent Common Ancestry of All Living Humans.” Nature, vol. 431, no. 7008, 1 Sept. 2004, pp. 562–566, www.nature.com/articles/nature02842, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02842

Which Planet Has The Strongest Quakes?

1 apr 2025

Use code MINUTEEARTH at the link below and get 60% off an annual plan: https://incogni.com/MINUTEEARTH Earth might be the only planet with tectonic plates, but it is not the only one with quakes because quakes can be caused by a ton of different things in the solar system. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Cryovolcano: a type of volcano that erupts gases and volatile material such as liquid water, ammonia, and hydrocarbons. - Helioseismology: the study of the Sun's interior structure and dynamics by analyzing the propagation of sound waves (or pressure waves) and oscillations on its surface. - Ring Seismology: a field that studies the internal structure and dynamics of planets by analyzing the waves and patterns observed in their ring systems, essentially using the rings as a ""seismograph"" to probe the planet's interior. - Tectonic Activity: the movement and interaction of the Earth's lithospheric plates, leading to geological phenomena like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain formation. - Tidal Forces: the differential gravitational effects exerted by a celestial body (like the Moon or Sun) on different parts of a planet or object, causing it to stretch or bulge along the axis connecting the two bodies. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** “Apollo 11 Seismic Experiment - NASA Science.” https://science.nasa.gov/resource/apollo-11-seismic-experiment/ Cartier, Kimberly M. S. “Our Seismic Solar System.” Eos, 10 Sept. 2019, https://eos.org/articles/our-seismic-solar-system Giardini, D., et al. “The Seismicity of Mars.” Nature Geoscience, vol. 13, no. 3, 1 Mar. 2020, pp. 205–212, www.nature.com/articles/s41561-020-0539-8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0539-8 “Helioseismology.” NSO - National Solar Observatory, 16 July 2018, https://nso.edu/research/helioseismology/ Kosovichev, A G, and V V Zharkova. “X-Ray Flare Sparks Quake inside Sun.” Nature, vol. 393, no. 6683, 1 May 1998, pp. 317–318, https://doi.org/10.1038/30629 Mankovich, Christopher R. “Saturn’s Rings as a Seismograph to Probe Saturn’s Internal Structure.” AGU Advances, vol. 1, no. 2, 12 May 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019av000142 “Moonquakes - NASA Science.” Nasa.gov, 13 Nov. 2024, https://science.nasa.gov/moon/moonquakes/ “New Study: Earth Has Earthquakes; Mars Has “Marsquakes.”” https://www.science.vt.edu/research/around-the-college/marsquakes.html Scharping, Nathaniel. “Three Ways to Track Venusquakes, from Balloons to Satellites.” Eos, 26 Nov. 2024, https://eos.org/research-spotlights/three-ways-to-track-venusquakes-from-balloons-to-satellites Charles Q. Choi 26. “Mercuryquakes May Currently Shake up the Tiny Planet.” https://www.space.com/34199-earthquakes-rock-mercury-today.html “Volcanic Earthquake - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” 2015, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/volcanic-earthquake Wendel, JoAnna. “Ancient Impact’s Seismic Waves Reveal Pluto’s Ocean, Core.” Eos, 6 Apr. 2020, https://eos.org/articles/ancient-impacts-seismic-waves-reveal-plutos-ocean-core Zelst, Iris van, et al. “Estimates on the Possible Annual Seismicity of Venus.” Journal of Geophysical Research Planets, vol. 129, no. 7, 1 July 2024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023je008048

The Science Of Slipperiness

19 mrt 2025

Go to https://surfshark.com/minuteearth for 4 extra months of Surfshark! We've all had an experience where soap has made a wet thing slippery, but...why? LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Surface tension: tendency of fluid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area possible - Surfactants: chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid - Amphiphilic: having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts - Hydrophilic: having an affinity or attraction towards water molecules - Hydrophobic: tending to be repelled by water molecules SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Cameron Duke | Director Lizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Anzelc, M., Burkhart, C. N., Black, C. (2022). Preliminary Observations on Soaps Increasing Slipperiness and Bathroom Injuries. The Open Dermatology Journal (1). https://doi.org/10.2174/18743722-v16-e22201040 Preston, W. C., & Richardson, A. S. (2002). The surface properties of soap solutions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 33(8), 1142-1150. https://doi.org/10.1021/j150302a003

Pollen Is Not Plant Sperm (It’s MUCH Weirder)

7 mrt 2025

Plant pollen is everywhere in springtime, but because it is so small, you probably don't know that what is making you sneeze is a living, breathing, mobile version of the plant that forms half of the it's entire bizarre life cycle. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Alternation of generations: a life cycle in plants where an organism alternates between two distinct multicellular stages. - Gametophyte: the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. It is the dominant form in bryophytes. - Pollination: the transfer of pollen to a stigma, ovule, flower, or plant to allow fertilization. - Sporophyte: the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form in vascular plants, e.g. the frond of a fern. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Gladish, Dan. “Plant Parts.” American Scientist, 6 Feb. 2017, www.americanscientist.org/article/plant-parts. Horst, N. A., and R. Reski. “Alternation of Generations - Unravelling the Underlying Molecular Mechanism of a 165-Year-Old Botanical Observation.” Plant Biology, vol. 18, no. 4, 9 May 2016, pp. 549–551, https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12468 Life Cycles: Meiosis and the Alternation of Generations. Mora, Camilo, et al. “How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?” PLoS Biology, vol. 9, no. 8, 23 Aug. 2011, p. e1001127 Urry, Lisa A, et al. Campbell Biology. 11th ed., New York Pearson, 2017. Wilsen, Kathleen L., and Peter K. Hepler. “Sperm Delivery in Flowering Plants: The Control of Pollen Tube Growth.” BioScience, vol. 57, no. 10, 1 Nov. 2007, pp. 835–844, https://doi.org/10.1641/b571006

Your Favorite YouTube Channels Might Not Survive This

14 feb 2025

Science YouTubers You Should Support on Patreon. (These are science shows that we know rely at least in part on the funding that’s at risk.) Be Smart: https://www.patreon.com/itsokaytobesmart Brain Craft: https://www.patreon.com/braincraft CrashCourse: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Domain of Science: https://www.patreon.com/domainofscience MinuteEarth: https://www.patreon.com/minuteearth MinuteFood: https://www.patreon.com/minutefood MinutePhysics: https://www.patreon.com/minutephysics SciShow: https://www.patreon.com/scishow See You Outside: https://www.patreon.com/SeeYouOutside 3 Specific Ways You Can Help Protect Science Research: 1) Post and share stories about specific science research that's being affected. (Make sure to include why this research is important and who is being harmed.) 2) Contact your government representatives and tell them to support the Scientific Integrity Act. https://secure.ucsusa.org/a/2023-newsletter-si-act-house 3) Join the Union of Concerned Scientists as a supporter. https://www.ucsusa.org/ If you are a scientist, join the UCS’s Science Network to help advocate during specific UCS campaigns. https://www.ucsusa.org/science-network SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Cameron Duke | Assistant Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176

How do fish get into isolated mountain lakes?

30 jan 2025

Get 10% off 6" and 8.5" globes using the code "MINUTEEARTH" at https://www.movaglobes.com The various ways new fish get into isolated lakes are a microcosm of the complicated ways that life has spread around the globe. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Aerial stocking: The practice of releasing hatchery fish into a natural body of water from airplanes. - Panspermia: The theory that life on Earth may have come from other parts of the universe. If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Stocking Colorado's Mountain Lakes by Plane: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCW3eWPX9Ww SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS ***************** Stocking Colorado's Mountain Lakes by Plane - Video by: Colorado Parks and Wildlife https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCW3eWPX9Ww OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Berthelot, C., Brunet, F., Chalopin, D. et al. The rainbow trout genome provides novel insights into evolution after whole-genome duplication in vertebrates. Nat Commun 5, 3657 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4657 Pister, E. P. (2001). Wilderness Fish Stocking: History and Perspective. Ecosystems, 4(4), 279–286. https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/css496/secure/Readings/WFishStockingHistory.pdf Á. Lovas-Kiss, O. Vincze, V. Löki, F. Pallér-Kapusi, B. Halasi-Kovács, G. Kovács, A.J. Green, B.A. Lukács, (2020) Experimental evidence of dispersal of invasive cyprinid eggs inside migratory waterfowl, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117 (27) 15397-15399, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004805117 Adno, M. (2023) The Mystery of Florida’s Flamingos. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/the-mystery-of-floridas-flamingos Philipp Emanuel Hirsch, Anouk N'Guyen, Roxane Muller, Irene Adrian-Kalchhauser, Patricia Burkhardt-Holm. (2018) Colonizing Islands of water on dry land-on the passive dispersal of fish eggs by birds. Fish and Fisheries. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/faf.12270

REAL ZOMBIES! + more | FT Miranda Cosgrove

24 jan 2025

We teamed up with Miranda Cosgrove to make Science Minute with MinuteEarth, an illustrated segment for her TV show: Mission Unstoppable. If you like this, there's a ton more over at @CBSUnstoppable or, if you're in the US, watch the new season on CBS on Saturday mornings!

The Ancestor Paradox

27 dec 2024

Sign up for a 14-day free trial and enjoy all the amazing features MyHeritage has to offer: https://bit.ly/MinuteEarth_MH There are several ways to think about ancestry, and all of them suggest you have fewer unique ancestors than you might think. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Genealogy: a line of descent traced continuously from an ancestor. - Genetic ancestor: a person from whom an individual is biologically descended - Genetic ancestry: the genetic origin of a person's population, and the specific lines of descent through which they inherited DNA from their ancestors. - Pedigree: the recorded ancestry, especially upper-class ancestry, of a person or family. - Pedigree collapse: a term used in genealogy to describe when the number of distinct ancestors in a family tree is smaller than it would be otherwise. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Coop, Graham. “How Many Genetic Ancestors Do I Have?” Gcbias, 11 Nov. 2013, gcbias.org/2013/11/11/how-does-your-number-of-genetic-ancestors-grow-back-over-time/ “How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth? | Corrections Environmental Scan.” info.nicic.gov/ces/global/population-demographics/how-many-people-have-ever-lived-earth. Lachance, Joseph. “Inbreeding, Pedigree Size, and the Most Recent Common Ancestor of Humanity.” Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol. 261, no. 2, Nov. 2009, pp. 238–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.08.006 Pattison, J.E. “New Method of Estimating Inbreeding in Large Semi-Isolated Populations with Application to Historic Britain.” HOMO, vol. 52, no. 2, 2001, pp. 117–134, https://doi.org/10.1078/0018-442x-00024 Reich, David. Who We Are and How We Got Here : Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past. New York, Pantheon Books, 2018. Rohde, Douglas L. T., et al. “Modelling the Recent Common Ancestry of All Living Humans.” Nature, vol. 431, no. 7008, 1 Sept. 2004, pp. 562–566, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02842 Schiffels, Stephan, and Richard Durbin. “Inferring Human Population Size and Separation History from Multiple Genome Sequences.” Nature Genetics, vol. 46, no. 8, 22 June 2014, pp. 919–925, https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3015 Wikipedia Contributors. “Pedigree Collapse.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Jan. 2024, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_collapse

inside of your body is REALLY LOUD

18 dec 2024

To learn more about how Florida International University's research, visit https://FIU.edu Your body is a lot louder than you might think. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Otoacoustic emissions: sounds given off by the inner ear when responding to a sound - Ear rumbling: a dull sound that occurs when the tensor tympani muscle in the middle ear contracts SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer & Narrator David Goldenberg | Director Lizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Know Art Studios | Sound Effects Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS ***************** Sound Effects from freesound.org: Cinematic Deep Rumble by swiftoid, Long intense stomach growl 9 by SamanthaCastleberry, WAV Fart Vegan 008.wav by frenkfurth, Finger Snapping/Knuckle Cracking by Err0rC0de, Heartbeats 61.wav by patobottos. OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Noponen A, & Lukkarinen S, & Sepponen R (2011). Chapter 2. phonocardiography. Pahlm O, & Wagner G.S.(Eds.), Multimodal Cardiovascular Imaging: Principles and Clinical Applications. The McGraw-Hill Companies. Oster G, Jaffe JS (1980) Low-frequency sounds from sustained contraction of human skeletal muscle. Biophys J. 30(1):119-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(80)85080-6 Sabbah HN, Stein PD (1976). Investigation of the theory and mechanism of the origin of the second heart sound. Circ Res. 39(6):874-82. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.39.6.874 Valenti D & Atlante A (2024). Sound Matrix Shaping of Living Matter: From Macrosystems to Cell Microenvironment, Where Mitochondria Act as Energy Portals in Detecting and Processing Sound Vibrations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(13), 6841. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25136841

Are Scientists Going Extinct?

27 nov 2024

Remove your personal information from the web at https://joindeleteme.com/EARTH and use code EARTH for 20% off AI is evolving so fast that soon it might be able to take over scientific research...but what would that look like? LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - AI: the general ability of computers to emulate human thought and perform tasks in real-world environments - Machine learning: a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows systems to learn and improve from data without being explicitly programmed SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Lu, C., Lu, C., Lange, R. T., Foerster, J., Clune, J., & Ha, D. (2024). The ai scientist: Towards fully automated open-ended scientific discovery. arXiv preprint: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.06292 Messeri, L., Crockett, M.J. Artificial intelligence and illusions of understanding in scientific research. Nature 627, 49–58 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07146-0 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; Policy and Global Affairs; Computer Science and Telecommunications Board; Science and Engineering Capacity Development Unit (2024). AI for Scientific Discovery: Proceedings of a Workshop. Pool R, editor. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). https://doi.org/10.17226/27457 Urbina, F., Lentzos, F., Invernizzi, C. et al. Dual use of artificial-intelligence-powered drug discovery. Nat Mach Intell 4, 189–191 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-022-00465-9

Why Don’t All Rivers Make Canyons?

13 nov 2024

MinutePhysics Patreon: https://patreon.com/MinutePhysics MinuteEarth Tee Club: https://store.dftba.com/products/minuteearth-dtg-quarterly-t-shirt-subscription MinuteEarth Podcast (Spotify): https://open.spotify.com/show/4UAIynceNXkp3zNjUV5IyH?si=3dfb7867cd9f4e44 MinuteEarth Podcast (Apple Podcasts): https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 The Grand Canyon is super-wide and super-deep, which might make you think that the Colorado River, which carved it, is particularly old or powerful. Or at least that's what I thought. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Canyon: a deep gorge, typically one with a river flowing through it. - River equilibrium: a state in which a river's water flow and sediment transport are balanced. - River incision: a natural process where a river cuts downward into its bed, deepening the channel - Tectonic uplift: the geological process that occurs when the Earth's surface rises due to tectonic forces, such as plate movements or volcanic activity. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OTHER CREDITS ***************** Panoramic view of Colorado River, Marble Canyon Credit: iStock via Getty Images Canyon Cotahuasi, Peru Credit: rchphoto/iStock via Getty Images Yarlung Tsangpo River in mountain gorge, Brahmaputra, highlands of Tibet, China, Asia Credit: imageBROKER/Bernd Bieder via Getty Images OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Beywater-Reyes, Sharon. “Technical Help.” Received by Cameron Duke. Bierman, Paul R. Key Concepts in Geomorphology. S.L., W H Freeman, 2019. Karlstrom, Karl. “Email Questions.” Received by Cameron Duke. National Park Service. “Geology - Grand Canyon National Park (U.S. National Park Service).” Nps.gov, National Park Service, 2016, www.nps.gov/grca/learn/nature/grca-geology.htm Roberts, G. G., et al. “An Uplift History of the Colorado Plateau and Its Surroundings from Inverse Modeling of Longitudinal River Profiles.” Tectonics, vol. 31, no. 4, Aug. 2012, p. n/a-n/a, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012tc003107 “The Dizzying Depths of Cotahuasi Canyon.” Nasa.gov, NASA Earth Observatory, 7 Feb. 2018, earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/91686/the-dizzying-depths-of-cotahuasi-canyon “Yarlung Tsangpo: The Everest of Rivers.” Earthobservatory.nasa.gov, 2 Mar. 2013, earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/80558/yarlung-tsangpo-the-everest-of-rivers

Why Haven't We Cured Cancer?

31 okt 2024

To learn more about Florida International University's research, visit https://FIU.edu A person’s genes alone don’t tell us enough about how to most effectively treat their cancer. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Precision Medicine: A medical model that tailors specific drugs to specific patients based on genetic profiling. - Functional Precision Medicine: A medical model that involves directly treating live tumor cells with drugs to gain information about a patient's tumor. - HER2-positive cancer: A type of cancer caused by a specific excess growth factor protein that has been shown to be treatable by specific medications. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Acanda De La Rocha, A.M., Berlow, N.E., Fader, M. et al. Feasibility of functional precision medicine for guiding treatment of relapsed or refractory pediatric cancers. Nat Med 30, 990–1000 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02848-4 Acanda De La Rocha, Arlet. (2024) Personal communication. Researcher at The Azzam Lab at FIU. https://stempel.fiu.edu/research/labs/cancer-research/ Lee Schwartzberg et al., Precision Oncology: Who, How, What, When, and When Not?. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 37, 160-169(2017). https://doi.org/10.1200/EDBK_174176 Anthony Letai, Patrick Bhola, Alana L. Welm (2022). Functional precision oncology: Testing tumors with drugs to identify vulnerabilities and novel combinations, Cancer Cell, Volume 40, Issue 1, Pages 26-35, ISSN 1535-6108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2021.12.004. Letai A. Functional Precision Medicine: Putting Drugs on Patient Cancer Cells and Seeing What Happens. Cancer Discov. 2022 Feb;12(2):290-292. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-1498. PMID: 35140175; PMCID: PMC8852353. Rulten, Stuart L., Richard P. Grose, Susanne A. Gatz, J. Louise Jones, and Angus J. M. Cameron. 2023. "The Future of Precision Oncology" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 16: 12613. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612613 Tomasik, B., Garbicz, F., Braun, M., Bieńkowski, M., & Jassem, J. (2024). Heterogeneity in precision oncology. Cambridge Prisms: Precision Medicine, 2, e2. https://doi.org/10.1017/pcm.2023.23 Szabo, L. (2018). Are We Being Misled About Precision Medicine? New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/11/opinion/cancer-genetic-testing-precision-medicine.html Kornauth, C., et al. (2022). Functional Precision Medicine Provides Clinical Benefit in Advanced Aggressive Hematologic Cancers and Identifies Exceptional Responders. Cancer discovery, 12(2), 372–387. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-0538 Malani, D., et al (2022). Implementing a Functional Precision Medicine Tumor Board for Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer discovery, 12(2), 388–401. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-0410

Electrical Wires Made Of Bacteria?!

16 okt 2024

Most living things on Earth need oxygen to survive, but scientists discovered a species of bacteria that uses oxygen totally differently from every other organism on Earth. To learn more about Aarhus University's research on cable bacteria, click here: https://bio.au.dk/forskning/forskningscentre/center-for-elektromikrobiologi-cem LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Bacterium: a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease. - Electron: a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids. - Metabolism: the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. - Respiration: a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Sign up to our newsletter: http://news.minuteearth.com - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Khan Academy. “Oxidative Phosphorylation.” Khan Academy, 2016, www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/cellular-respiration-ap/a/oxidative-phosphorylation-etc Nature education. “Cell Metabolism | Learn Science at Scitable.” Www.nature.com, 2014, www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-metabolism-14026182/ Nielsen, Lars Peter, et al. “Electric Currents Couple Spatially Separated Biogeochemical Processes in Marine Sediment.” Nature, vol. 463, no. 7284, Feb. 2010, pp. 1071–1074, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08790 Pfeffer, Christian, et al. “Filamentous Bacteria Transport Electrons over Centimetre Distances.” Nature, vol. 491, no. 7423, 24 Oct. 2012, pp. 218–221, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11586 Stefano Scilipoti, et al. “Oxygen Consumption of Individual Cable Bacteria.” Science Advances, vol. 7, no. 7, 10 Feb. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe1870 Turrens, J. F. “Mitochondrial Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species.” The Journal of Physiology, vol. 552, no. 2, 15 Oct. 2003, pp. 335–344. Zhao, Ru‑Zhou, et al. “Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain, ROS Generation and Uncoupling (Review).” International Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol. 44, no. 1, 8 May 2019, pp. 3–15, https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4188

What Happens When Predators Disappear?

3 okt 2024

To learn more about how Florida International University's research, visit https://FIU.edu A world without predators. It sounds like a safer, happier world, but come on, this is SCIENCE… LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Ecosystem: a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. - Herbivore: an animal that feeds on plants. - Top predator: a predator without natural predators of its own. - Trophic cascade: an ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Estes, James A., et al. “Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth.” Science, vol. 333, no. 6040, 14 July 2011, pp. 301–306, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1205106 Moore, Peter D. “Green and Pleasant Trials.” Nature, vol. 440, no. 7084, Mar. 2006, pp. 613–614, www.nature.com/articles/440613a, https://doi.org/10.1038/440613a Stolzenburg, William. “Ecosystems Unraveling.” Anthropocene, 31 July 2008, www.anthropocenemagazine.org/conservation/2008/07/ecosystems-unraveling/ Terborgh, J. “Ecological Meltdown in Predator-Free Forest Fragments.” Science, vol. 294, no. 5548, 30 Nov. 2001, pp. 1923–1926, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064397

Why Don't Snakes Poison Themselves?

24 sep 2024

Click this link https://sponsr.is/bootdev_MinuteEarth and use my code MINUTEEARTH to get 25% off your first payment for boot.dev. That’s 25% off your first month or your first year, depending on the subscription you choose. Many animal species stuff themselves with toxic chemicals for protection, which forces them to use a handful of distinct strategies to avoid becoming victims of their own weapons. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Antibody: a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances which the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood. - Globulin: any of a group of simple proteins soluble in salt solutions and forming a large fraction of blood serum protein. - Poison: a substance that is capable of causing the illness or death of a living organism when introduced or absorbed. - Venom: a poisonous substance secreted by animals such as snakes, spiders, and scorpions and typically injected into prey or aggressors by biting or stinging. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Abderemane-Ali, Fayal, et al. “Evidence That Toxin Resistance in Poison Birds and Frogs Is Not Rooted in Sodium Channel Mutations and May Rely on “Toxin Sponge” Proteins.” Journal of General Physiology, vol. 153, no. 9, 5 Aug. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.202112872 Kinkawa, Kohshi, et al. “Up-Regulation of the Expressions of Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors in the Liver of a Venomous Snake by Its Own Venom Phospholipase A2.” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 395, no. 3, May 2010, pp. 377–381, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.024 Mackessy, Stephen P., and Louise M. Baxter. “Bioweapons Synthesis and Storage: The Venom Gland of Front-Fanged Snakes.” Zoologischer Anzeiger - a Journal of Comparative Zoology, vol. 245, no. 3, 24 Nov. 2006, pp. 147–159, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044523106000416, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2006.01.003 Nekaris, K Anne-Isola, et al. “Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know: The Biochemistry, Ecology and Evolution of Slow Loris Venom.” Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, vol. 19, no. 1, 2013, p. 21, https://doi.org/10.1186/1678-9199-19-21 Resiere, Dabor, et al. “Bothrops Lanceolatus Bites: Guidelines for Severity Assessment and Emergent Management.” Toxins, vol. 2, no. 1, 22 Jan. 2010, pp. 163–173, https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins2010163. Accessed 14 Mar. 2023. Takacs, Zoltan, et al. “Snake α-Neurotoxin Binding Site on the Egyptian Cobra (Naja Haje) Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Is Conserved.” Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 18, no. 9, 1 Sept. 2001, pp. 1800–1809, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003967 Tarvin, Rebecca D., et al. “Interacting Amino Acid Replacements Allow Poison Frogs to Evolve Epibatidine Resistance.” Science, vol. 357, no. 6357, 22 Sept. 2017, pp. 1261–1266, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan5061

Why Do Butterflies Bother Being Caterpillars?

11 sep 2024

Go to https://mondly.app/minuteearth to get 96% off of lifetime access to 41 languages and start learning today. It seems wild that some animals basically trade in their bodies for new ones during their lifetime, but it's actually really common – and it makes a lot of sense. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Metamorphosis: a biological process by which an animal physically develops including birth transformation or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure. - Holometabolous: a type of metamorphosis (also known as "complete metamorphosis") that involves four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. - Hemimetamolous: a type of metamorphosis (also known as "incomplete metamorphosis") that includes three distinct stages: the egg, nymph, and the adult stage. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Ebenman, B (1992). Evolution in Organisms that Change Their Niches during the Life Cycle. The American Naturalist 139(5): 990–1021. https://doi.org/10.1086/285370 Rolff J, Johnston PR, Reynolds S (2019). Complete metamorphosis of insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci Oct 14;374. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0063 Sherratt E, Vidal-García M, Anstis M, Keogh JS (2017). Adult frogs and tadpoles have different macroevolutionary patterns across the Australian continent. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1(9): 1385–1391. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0268-6 Ten Brink H, de Roos AM , Dieckmann U (2019) The evolutionary ecology of metamorphosis. The American Naturalist 193(5), E116-E131. https://doi.org/10.1086/701779 Truman JW (2019). The Evolution of Insect Metamorphosis, Current Biology 29(23): R1252-R1268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.009 Truman JW, Riddiford LM (2019). The evolution of insect metamorphosis: a developmental and endocrine view. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B37420190070. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0070 Truman JW, Riddiford LM (1999). The origins of insect metamorphosis. Nature, 401(6752), 447–452. https://doi.org/10.1038/46737

How To Take A Dinosaur's Temperature

29 aug 2024

Download the Tab For Democracy browser extension at https://tabfordemocracy.org/minuteearth2 Despite the seemingly basic things we don't know about dinosaurs, we do know some surprising things – like their body temperatures. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Clumped Isotopes: heavy isotopes that are bonded to other heavy isotopes. - Ectotherm: any animal whose regulation of body temperature depends on external sources. - Endotherm: an animal that is dependent on or capable of the internal generation of heat. - Isotope: each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular. - Mesotherm: a type of animal with a thermoregulatory strategy intermediate to cold-blooded ectotherms and warm-blooded endotherms. - Metabolism: the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Ruis | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Dawson, Robin R., et al. “Eggshell Geochemistry Reveals Ancestral Metabolic Thermoregulation in Dinosauria.” Science Advances, vol. 6, no. 7, Feb. 2020, p. eaax9361, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax9361 Eagle, Robert A., et al. “Dinosaur Body Temperatures Determined from Isotopic (13C-18O) Ordering in Fossil Biominerals.” Science, vol. 333, no. 6041, 22 July 2011, pp. 443–445, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206196 Gillooly, James F, et al. “Dinosaur Fossils Predict Body Temperatures.” PLoS Biology, vol. 4, no. 8, 11 July 2006, p. e248, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040248 Lacerda, Julio. “Were Dinosaurs Cold-Blooded or Warm-Blooded? Actually, Neither.” Earth Archives, eartharchives.org/articles/eggshells-tell-scientists-about-dinosaur-body-temperatures/index.html M.C. Dalconi, et al. “Structure of Bioapatite in Human Foetal Bones: An X-Ray Diffraction Study.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, vol. 200, 1 Jan. 2003, pp. 406–410, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(02)01730-5 Nicholas Carter. “What’s Going on with Troodon?” Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum, 11 Feb. 2019, dinomuseum.ca/2019/02/whats-going-on-with-troodon Tagliavento, Mattia, et al. “Evidence for Heterothermic Endothermy and Reptile-like Eggshell Mineralization in Troodon, a Non-Avian Maniraptoran Theropod.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 120, no. 15, 3 Apr. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2213987120 Wiemann, Jasmina, et al. “Fossil Biomolecules Reveal an Avian Metabolism in the Ancestral Dinosaur.” Nature, vol. 606, no. 7914, 25 May 2022, pp. 522–526, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04770-6 Wikipedia Contributors. “Clumped Isotopes.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 Aug. 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clumped_isotopes

The Species That Broke Evolution?

15 aug 2024

The first 500 people to use this link will get a 1 month free trial of Skillshare: https://skl.sh/minuteearth08241 The ancestors of gars, horseshoe crabs and coelacanths looked almost the same as their modern relatives. Darwin called species like these “living fossils'' because they seem like they are evolutionarily frozen in time. But Darwin was wrong. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Stabilomorph: A species that retains a stable form over millions of years. - Molecular Evolutionary Rate: The frequency with which DNA or protein sequences are fixed in a population. - Ship of Theseus Paradox: A philosophical thought experiment that asks if an object is still the same if all of its original components are replaced over time. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Kin, A., & Błażejowski, B. (2014). The horseshoe crab of the genus Limulus: living fossil or stabilomorph?. PloS one, 9(9), e108036. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108036 Brownstein, C. D., et al. (2024). The genomic signatures of evolutionary stasis. Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 78(5), 821–834. https://doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpae028 Amemiya, C. T., et al. (2013). The African coelacanth genome provides insights into tetrapod evolution. Nature, 496(7445), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12027 Casane, D., & Laurenti, P. (2013). Why coelacanths are not 'living fossils': a review of molecular and morphological data. BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology, 35(4), 332–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201200145 Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. How Genomes Evolve. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26836/ Dresow, M. (2023). Re-thinking Living Fossils, Again. ExtinctBlog. Retrieved from: https://www.extinctblog.org/extinct/2023/9/2/living-fossils Romeo, J. (2020). The Horseshoe Crab: Same As It Ever Was? `JSTOR. https://daily.jstor.org/the-horseshoe-crab-same-as-it-ever-was/ Black, R. (2014). Evolution in the slow lane. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/evolution-in-the-slow-lane Shear, W, Werth, A. (2014). The Evolutionary Truth About Living Fossils. American Scientist. https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-evolutionary-truth-about-living-fossils

Why There Are No King Bees

7 aug 2024

Download Opera for FREE here: https://opr.as/Opera-browser-minuteearth Beehives always have a queen, who is the mother of the entire hive. But have you ever wondered, what happened to the king, if there was ever any? Can a male bee become a king? LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Haplodiploidy: is a sex-determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid. - Sex determination in honeybees: In honeybees, the drones (males) are entirely derived from the queen, their mother. The diploid queen has 32 chromosomes and the haploid drones have 16 chromosomes. Drones produce sperm cells that contain their entire genome, so the sperm are all genetically identical except for mutations. - Eusocial: showing an advanced level of social organization, in which a single female or caste produces offspring and nonreproductive individuals cooperate in caring for the young. - Fertilize: cause (an egg, female animal, or plant) to develop a new individual by introducing male reproductive material. - Genetics: the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics. - Queen Bee: the single reproductive female in a hive or colony of honeybees. - Sterile: not able to produce children or young. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Ever Salazar | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Cowan, D. P., and J. K. Stahlhut. “Functionally Reproductive Diploid and Haploid Males in an Inbreeding Hymenopteran with Complementary Sex Determination.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 101, no. 28, 1 July 2004, pp. 10374–10379, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402481101 Engel, M. S. “Monophyly and Extensive Extinction of Advanced Eusocial Bees: Insights from an Unexpected Eocene Diversity.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 98, no. 4, 13 Feb. 2001, pp. 1661–1664, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.98.4.1661 “Haplodiploidy - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/haplodiploidy Joshi, Chinmay Hemant, and John J. Wiens. “Does Haplodiploidy Help Drive the Evolution of Insect Eusociality?” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, vol. 11, 16 Mar. 2023, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1118748 Nowak, Martin A., et al. “The Evolution of Eusociality.” Nature, vol. 466, no. 7310, Aug. 2010, pp. 1057–1062, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09205 Parker, Joel D. “A Major Evolutionary Transition to More than Two Sexes?” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 19, no. 2, Feb. 2004, pp. 83–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.10.001. Plowes, Nicola. “An Introduction to Eusociality | Learn Science at Scitable.” https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/an-introduction-to-eusociality-15788128/ Thorne, Barbara L. “Evolution of Eusociality in Termites.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol. 28, 1997, pp. 27–54, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2952485

The Deadliest Thing At The Beach

18 jul 2024

Our newsletter: https://news.minuteearth.com/subscribe Earthling Pride Tee: https://store.dftba.com/collections/minuteearth/products/earthling-pride-tee You might think the most dangerous thing that can happen at a beach is a shark attack, or that the scariest thing might be a tsunami - but instead, rip currents kill more beachgoers than all other causes combined. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Jetty: a breakwater constructed to protect or defend a harbor, stretch of coast, or riverbank. - Rip current: a relatively strong, narrow current flowing outward from the beach through the surf zone and presenting a hazard to swimmers. - Rip tide: a strong current caused by tidal flow in confined areas such as inlets and presenting a hazard to swimmers and boaters. A similar but distinct phenomenon often confused for a rip current. - Sandbar: a deposit of sand forming a shallow area in the sea or a river. - Surf zone: the area of the ocean where waves break near the shoreline. - Undertow: a current of water below the surface and moving in a different direction from any surface current. Also distinct from a rip current. - Wave Set Up: elevation of the mean water level at the shoreline due to wave breaking in the surf zone. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Brander, Robert W. “Rip Currents.” Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series/Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences, 1 Jan. 2019, pp. 1442–1447, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93806-6_261 Castelle, B., et al. “Rip Current Types, Circulation and Hazard.” Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 163, Dec. 2016, pp. 1–21, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825216303117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.09.008 Leatherman, Stephen P. “Undertow, Rip Current, and Riptide.” Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 28, no. 4, 1 July 2012, https://doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-12-00052.1 Masselink, Gerd, et al. Introduction to Coastal Processes and Geomorphology. Routledge, 4 Apr. 2014. McCarroll, R. Jak, et al. “Evaluation of Swimmer-Based Rip Current Escape Strategies.” Natural Hazards, vol. 71, no. 3, 25 Dec. 2013, pp. 1821–1846, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0979-1 US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Rip Currents - Currents: NOAA’s National Ocean Service Education.” Noaa.gov, 2019, oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/03coastal3.html Withers, Archie, and Sergio Maldonado. “On the Swimming Strategies to Escape a Rip Current: A Mathematical Approach.” Natural Hazards, vol. 108, no. 2, 22 Apr. 2021, pp. 1449–1467, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04740-7

ALL Plants Have Color Vision?!

5 jul 2024

Thanks to the ASCEND project for partnering with us on this video! Plants can tell when competitors are nearby because they can *see* them. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Shade avoidance: changes in plant body form and function that occur in response to the light signals provided by neighboring vegetation - Photoreceptors: light-sensitive proteins involved in the sensing and response to light in a variety of organisms - Far-red light: light at the extreme red end of the visible spectrum, just before infrared light (wavelength of ~700 to 750 nm) SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Ballaré CL, and Pierik R. (2017) The shade-avoidance syndrome: multiple signals and ecological consequences. Plant, Cell & Environment, 40: 2530–2543. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12914 Casal JJ. (2013) Photoreceptor signaling networks in plant responses to shade. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 64:403-27. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120221 Kothari S, Montgomery RA, Cavender-Bares J. (2021) Physiological responses to light explain competition and facilitation in a tree diversity experiment. Journal of Ecology 109: 2000–2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13637 Palayam M, Ganapathy J, Guercio AM et al. (2021) Structural insights into photoactivation of plant Cryptochrome-2. Commun Biol 4, 28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01531-x Roig-Villanova I, Paulišić S, Martinez-Garcia JF. (2019) Shade Avoidance and Neighbor Detection. In: Hiltbrunner, A. (eds) Phytochromes. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2026. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9612-4_13 Smith, H. (2000) Phytochromes and light signal perception by plants—an emerging synthesis. Nature 407, 585–591. https://doi.org/10.1038/35036500

Why Monkeys Can Only Count To Four

26 jun 2024

To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for a full 30 days, visit https://brilliant.org/minuteearth . You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription. There’s an island in the Caribbean where David used to perform magic tricks for monkeys. And it was super cool because it suggested that they have the ability to count! (but only up to four) LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Approximate number system: A cognitive system that supports the estimation of the magnitude of a group without relying on language or symbols. - Violation of expectancy looking time measure: A technique used to determine if subjects were surprised by an outcome of an experiment based on the idea that surprising outcomes resulted in longer looking times. - Cross-species comparison: Comparisons across species that differ in cognitive character. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart & Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artists Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Nieder, A. (2019). A Brain for Numbers: The Biology of the Number Instinct. The MIT Press. Hauser, M. D., & Carey, S. (2003). Spontaneous representations of small numbers of objects by rhesus macaques: examinations of content and format. Cognitive psychology, 47(4), 367–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0285(03)00050-1 Abramson, J. Z., Hernández-Lloreda, V., Call, J., & Colmenares, F. (2011). Relative quantity judgments in South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens). Animal cognition, 14(5), 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-011-0404-7 Rodríguez, R.L., Briceño, R.D., Briceño-Aguilar, E. et al. Nephila clavipes spiders (Araneae: Nephilidae) keep track of captured prey counts: testing for a sense of numerosity in an orb-weaver. Anim Cogn 18, 307–314 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-014-0801-9 Santos, L. R., Sulkowski, G. M., Spaepen, G. M., & Hauser, M. D. (2002). Object individuation using property/kind information in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Cognition, 83(3), 241–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00006-9

The Truth About Petri Dishes 🧫

13 jun 2024

One of the best ways of studying bacteria is to grow them on a petri dish, but only a tiny percentage of bacterial species will grow on them. The other 98% of them simply refuse to. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Petri dish: a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a flat lid, used for the culture of microorganisms. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Lizah van der Aart | Script Writer, Narrator and Storyboard Artist Cameron Duke | Director Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Amann, R I, et al. “Phylogenetic Identification and in Situ Detection of Individual Microbial Cells without Cultivation.” Microbiological Reviews, vol. 59, no. 1, Mar. 1995, pp. 143–169, https://doi.org/10.1128/mr.59.1.143-169.1995 Ledford, Heidi. “Promising Antibiotic Discovered in Microbial “Dark Matter.”” Nature, 7 Jan. 2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2015.16675 Meysman, Filip J.R. “Cable Bacteria Take a New Breath Using Long-Distance Electricity.” Trends in Microbiology, vol. 26, no. 5, May 2018, pp. 411–422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2017.10.011. Accessed 11 Dec. 2022 Šmajs, David, et al. “Genetics of Human and Animal Uncultivable Treponemal Pathogens.” Infection, Genetics and Evolution, vol. 61, 22 Mar. 2018, pp. 92–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.015 Visick, Karen L., et al. “A Lasting Symbiosis: How Vibrio Fischeri Finds a Squid Partner and Persists within Its Natural Host.” Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 19, no. 10, 1 Oct. 2021, pp. 654–665, www.nature.com/articles/s41579-021-00557-0, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-021-00557-0

memes go viral cuz they're so sick

6 jun 2024

When we say a meme goes “viral,” we aren't actually saying it's making people sick. But the math behind a meme’s spread suggests it's actually a pretty spot-on analogy. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Basic reproduction number: a figure expressing the average number of cases of an infectious disease arising by transmission from a single infected individual, in a population that has not previously encountered the disease. - Epidemic: a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. - Meme: an image, video, piece of text, etc., typically humorous in nature, that is copied and spread rapidly by internet users, often with slight variations. - Viral: of the nature of, caused by, or relating to a virus or viruses. Or relating to or involving an image, video, piece of information, etc., that is circulated rapidly and widely from one internet user to another. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Cameron Duke | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Website | https://minuteearth.com REFERENCES ************** “Incorporating Global Dynamics to Improve the Accuracy of Disease Models: Example of a COVID-19 SIR Model.” https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265815 “Basic Reproduction Number - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/basic-reproduction-number “The Power of a Good Idea: Quantitative Modeling of the Spread of Ideas from Epidemiological Models.” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2005.08.083 “Estimates of the Reproduction Number for Seasonal, Pandemic, and Zoonotic Influenza: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-480 “Measles Epidemic from Failure to Immunize.” www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1022280/?page=4 “Complexity of the Basic Reproduction Number (R0).” https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2501.171901 “Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak - 8 October 2019.” africacdc.org/disease-outbreak/ebola-virus-disease-outbreak-8-october-2019/ “Epidemic Calculator.” gabgoh.github.io/COVID/index.html “Epidemic Curve - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics.” www.sciencedirect.com/topics/mathematics/epidemic-curve “Pandemic Potential of a Strain of Influenza a (H1N1): Early Findings.” https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176062. “The Spread and Control of HIV/AIDS Infection Using the SIR Model.” ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/72512/1/72512.pdf “Deterministic Models for Rumor Transmission.” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2007.06.004. Accessed 31 Oct. 2019 “A Contribution to the Mathematical Theory of Epidemics.” https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1927.0118 “An Empirical Analysis of the Ebola Outbreak in West Africa.” https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42594 “The Possibility of an Epidemic Meme Analogy for Web Community Population Analysis.” https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77226-2_107 “Do Memes Behave like Viruses?” https://doi.org/10.5070/bs326258270 “The Reproduction Number of COVID-19 and Its Correlation with Public Health Interventions.” https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.20088047 “The Basic Reproduction Number (R0) of Ebola Virus Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102685 “Deterministic Epidemic Models for Ebola Infection with Time-Dependent Controls.” https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ddns/2020/2823816/ Sir, Weiss, and Ronald Ross. The SIR Model and the Foundations of Public Health. https://mat.uab.cat/matmat_antiga/PDFv2013/v2013n03.pdf “The SIR Model for Spread of Disease - the Differential Equation Model | Mathematical Association of America.” https://maa.org/press/periodicals/loci/joma/the-sir-model-for-spread-of-disease-the-differential-equation-model “Susceptible‐Infectious‐Recovered (SIR) Model Based Forecasting of COVID‐19 Outbreak in Bangladesh.” https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13648 “An Epidemiological Approach to Model the Viral Propagation of Memes.” https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2011.04.035 On the Origins of Memes by Means of Fringe Web Communities.

How Does Birth Control Work?

29 mei 2024

To download a free hi-res version of the birth control chart, go to https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth There are huge varieties of birth control methods because there are lots of different ways to disrupt the process of sperm-egg fertilization. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Contraception: the use of devices, drugs, or surgery to prevent pregnancy - also known as birth control. - Progestin: the synthetic form of progesterone, a sex hormone that plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. - Gametes: haploid reproductive cells including sperm and eggs. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* Kate Yoshida | Narrator David Goldenberg | Script Writer and Director Lizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Britton, L. E., Alspaugh, A., Greene, M. Z., & McLemore, M. R. (2020). CE: An Evidence-Based Update on Contraception. The American journal of nursing, 120(2), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000654304.29632.a7 Petitti, D. B., & Sidney, S. (2005). Four decades of research on hormonal contraception. The Permanente journal, 9(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/04-129 Teal S, Edelman A. (2021) Contraception Selection, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects: A Review. JAMA. 326(24):2507–2518. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.21392 Daniels K, Abma JC. Current contraceptive status among women aged 15–49: United States, 2017–2019. NCHS Data Brief, no 388. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db388.htm Birth Control: Forms, Options, Risks and Effectiveness. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11427-birth-control-options Special thanks to Louise Langheier for her input.

Why is the number of languages "increasing"?

7 mei 2024

To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for a full 30 days, visit https://brilliant.org/minuteearth . You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription. Lots of languages and species are going extinct, but because others keep getting found or described, the official counts of languages and species are still increasing. LEARN MORE ************** To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: - Language death: when a language loses its last known native speaker. - Species extinction: the termination of a species by the death of its last member. - Ethnologue.com: the world’s foremost authority on the languages of the world and their current status. SUPPORT MINUTEEARTH ************************** If you like what we do, you can help us!: - Become our patron: https://patreon.com/MinuteEarth - Our merch: http://dftba.com/minuteearth - Our book: https://minuteearth.com/books - Share this video with your friends and family - Leave us a comment (we read them!) CREDITS ********* David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director Lizah van der Aart | Storyboard Artist Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation Nathaniel Schroeder | Music MinuteEarth is produced by Neptune Studios LLC https://neptunestudios.info OUR STAFF ************ Lizah van der Aart • Sarah Berman • Cameron Duke Arcadi Garcia i Rius • David Goldenberg • Melissa Hayes Alex Reich • Henry Reich • Peter Reich Ever Salazar • Leonardo Souza • Kate Yoshida OUR LINKS ************ Youtube | https://youtube.com/MinuteEarth TikTok | https://tiktok.com/@minuteearth Twitter | https://twitter.com/MinuteEarth Instagram | https://instagram.com/minute_earth Facebook | https://facebook.com/Minuteearth Website | https://minuteearth.com Apple Podcasts| https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/minuteearth/id649211176 REFERENCES ************** Anderson, S. (2012). Languages, Species, and Biological Parallels. Oxford University Press Blog. https://blog.oup.com/2012/07/why-do-humans-talk-biology-language/ McWhorter, J. (2016). What’s a Language, Anyway?. The Atlantic. Retrieved from: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/01/difference-between-language-dialect/424704/ IUCN RedList. (2024). Summary Statistics. https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/summary-statistics#Summary%20Tables Ritchie, H. (2022). How Many Species Are There? Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/how-many-species-are-there Eberhard, Dave. (2024). Personal Communication. Senior Linguistics Consultant for Ethnologue. https://www.sil.org/biography/david-m-eberhard Brown, E. (2018). Millennial Aboriginal Australians Have Developed Their Own Language. Atlas Obscura. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/light-warlpiri