Veritasium

This is the natural disaster to worry about

22/08/2025

The strange natural material that reshaped the world. Sponsored by Ground News - Go to https://groundnews.com/Ve to see through media misconceptions and get all sides of every story. Subscribe to save 40% off the unlimited Vantage Plan through our link. If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ A huge thanks to Professor James Busfield, Dr. Katrina Cornish, and Dr. Judit Puskas We’re incredibly grateful to Toby Samples and the team at ARDL for their time and expertise. Thanks also to Joe Jackson, Dr. Kevin Krause, Dr. Peter Polyak, Donald Shultz, Professor Robert Weiss for all their help on the project. ▀▀▀ 0:00 Where does rubber come from? 2:59 What is rubber? 5:10 Why is rubber so stretchy? 6:29 The problem with natural rubber 9:02 Cured Rubber 15:23 Vulcanisation 18:41 What rubber is used in tires? 22:54 How fungi could destroy the world economy 29:17 Synthetic rubber vs natural rubber 38:20 Why are some people allergic to latex? ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/RubberRefs Images & Video: https://ve42.co/RubberImgRefs ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Ibby Hadeed, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, JT, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Walter Flinn, and wolfee. ▀▀▀ Writers - Sulli Yost & Casper Mebius Producer & Director - Sulli Yost Editors - Jack Saxon & Peter Nelson Camera Operators - Adam Bonomo, Jacob Ruocchio-Cole, Henry van Dyck, Thomas Matheis, Derek Muller & Sulli Yost Animators - Allama Nandi, Andrew Neet, Emma Wright, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli & Rokas Viksraitis Illustrators - Jakub Misiek & Maria Gusakovich Assistant Editor - James Stuart Researchers - HyoJeong Choi, Callum Cuttle & Gabe Strong Thumbnail Designers - Ren Hurley, Ben Powell & Abdallah Rabah Production Team - Zoe Heron, Casper Mebius, Josh Pitt, Rob Beasley Spence, Henry van Dyck & Sulli Yost Executive Producers - Casper Mebius & Derek Muller Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound

The Perfect Battery Material Is Dangerous

7/08/2025

High-energy rechargeable batteries seemed impossible, until we made them. Sponsored by CodeRabbit. Cut code review time and bugs in half. Try CodeRabbit at https://coderabbit.link/veritasium If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ 0:00 What’s inside a battery? 4:11 How does a battery work? 7:15 How did we increase battery power? 11:13 The first rechargeable lithium battery 13:29 The Tiny Needles That Kill Batteries 16:06 Goodenough? We can do better 20:07 The birth of the lithium-ion battery 27:10 Why do batteries explode? 29:31 Blowing up a battery ▀▀▀ A massive thank you to Dr Billy Wu, Dr Sam Cooper, Dr Derek Sui, Professor Magda Titirici, Dr Jingyu Feng, Dr Monica Marinescu, Li Ren Thow, Genlin Liu and Sam Riley; and to Professor Guillermo Rein, Dr Harry Mitchell, Hanna Berry, and Dr Nick Kalogeropoulos at Imperial College London for their invaluable contributions to this video. And a big thank you to Conrad Duncan for all his help in pulling everything together. We’re incredibly grateful to Kurt Kelty and the team at General Motors for their time and expertise. Thanks also go to Dr Yuzhang Li and Prof Jay Morton Turner for all their help on the project. ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/RefsBatteries Image References: https://ve42.co/ImgRefsBatt ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Ibby Hadeed, JT, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, Walter Flinn, wolfee ▀▀▀ Writers: Emilia Gyles, Casper Mebius, Gregor Čavlović & Derek Muller Producer & Director: Emilia Gyles Editor: Trenton Oliver Camera Operators: Tas Underwood, Emilia Gyles, Gregor Čavlović & Derek Muller Animators: Andrew Neet, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli, Mike Radjabov & Rokas Viksraitis Illustrators: Jakub Misiek, Maria Gusakovich, Isaac McRee, Nataly Zhuk & Kaitlyn Chille Assistant Editor: James Stuart Researchers: HyoJeong Choi, Aakash Singh Bagga & Gabe Strong Thumbnail Designers: Ren Hurley, Ben Powell & Abdallah Rabah Production Team: Rob Beasley Spence & Josh Pitt Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound

The Strange Math That Predicts (Almost) Anything

25/07/2025

How a feud in Russia led to modern prediction algorithms. 👉 To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for a full 30 days, visit https://brilliant.org/veritasium. You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Brian Hayes, David Aldous, Geoff Engelstein, Jeffrey Rosenthal, Jimmy He, Mark Priestley, Michael Choi, Peter Norvig, Sam Power, and Thomas Haigh for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video. And a special thank you to Madeline Johnson for her excellent fact-checking. ▀▀▀ 0:00 The Law of Large Numbers 4:37 What is a Markov Chain? 9:43 Ulam and Solitaire 12:21 Nuclear Fission 15:46 The Monte Carlo Method 16:32 The first search engines 19:07 Google is born 25:16 How does predictive text work? 27:10 Are Markov chains memoryless? 29:41 How to perfectly shuffle a deck of cards ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/RefsMarkov Images & Video: https://ve42.co/7Z ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Ibby Hadeed, JT, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Meekay, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Bush, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Writers: Kaela Albert, Casper Mebius & Derek Muller Producer & Director: Kaela Albert Editors: Peter Nelson & Jack Saxon Camera Operators: Gabe Strong, Gregor Cavlovic & Derek Muller Animator: Andrew neet, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli & Ivy Trello Illustrator: Caine Esperanzo, Jakub Misiek & Maria Gustanovich Assistant Editor: James Stuart Researchers: Darius Garewal, Gabe Strong & Emilia Gyles Thumbnail Designers: Ren Hurley & Ben Powell Production Team: Rob Beasley Spence, Casper Mebius, Sulli Yost and Henry Van Dyck Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

This mechanism shrinks when pulled

30/06/2025

How an unlikely physics paradox controls these counterintuitive structures. Sponsored by Incogni - Use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off. If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Paul Ducarme and Bas Overvelde at AMOLF for showing us around. Check out their research on counter-snapping structures here - https://ve42.co/CounterSnapping For more on Braess’s Paradox, check out these great videos by Up and Atom (https://youtu.be/cALezV_Fwi0) and Steve Mould (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cg73j3QYRJc) ▀▀▀ 0:00 What happens if you cut this rope? 1:41 The Spring Paradox 4:59 New York’s Perplexing Discovery 6:29 Road Networks and Traffic Flow 8:40 Braess’s Paradox 14:29 Snapping 17:16 This object shrinks when you stretch it ▀▀▀ References: Ducarme, P., Weber, B., Hecke, M. van, & Johannes. (2025). Exotic mechanical properties enabled by countersnapping instabilities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - https://ve42.co/CounterSnapping Braess's Paradox via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/BraessWiki Braess, D., Nagurney, A., & Wakolbinger, T. (2005). On a Paradox of Traffic Planning. Transportation Science - https://ve42.co/Braess2005 Schäfer, B., Pesch, T., Manik, D., Gollenstede, J., Lin, G., Beck, H.-P., … Timme, M. (2022). Understanding Braess’ Paradox in power grids. Nature Communications - https://ve42.co/Schafer2022 Kolata, G. (1990). What if They Closed 42d Street and Nobody Noticed? New York Times - https://ve42.co/Kolata1990 Youn, H., Gastner, M. T., & Jeong, H. (2008). Price of Anarchy in Transportation Networks: Efficiency and Optimality Control. Physical Review Letters - https://ve42.co/Youn2008 Nicolaou, Z. G., & Motter, A. E. (2012). Mechanical metamaterials with negative compressibility transitions. Nature Materials - https://ve42.co/Nicolaou2012 Counter-Snapping replication package - https://ve42.co/CSPackage Images & Video: Earth Day Festivities via VHS Music Rarities - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0awPgHjn2nY Earth Day Speeches - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMDI3kXpeQ8 1990s New York via NYC Nostalgia - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YaFxTw0VqM 42nd Street Closure via Trainluvr - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gELde63Fzio 42nd Street Traffic Operator - https://ve42.co/NYCTraffic Dietrich Braess via opc.mfo.de - https://ve42.co/BraessOPC Dietrich Braess via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/BraessWikiPic Belt Buckle via Mingda Hardware - https://ve42.co/BeltBuckle ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Charles Ian Norman Venn, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, JT, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, and wolfee ▀▀▀ Writers: Gregor Čavlović & Derek Muller Producer & Director: Gregor Čavlović Editors: James Stuart & Trenton Oliver Camera Operators: Sander Mook, Dylan Meanwell, Fabio Albertelli, Casper Mebius & Gregor Čavlović Animator: Fabio Albertelli Illustrator: Jakub Misiek Additional Editor: Peter Nelson & James Horsley Researchers: Darius Garewal & Gabe Strong Thumbnail Designers: Ren Hurley & Ben Powell Production Team: Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain & Matthew Cavanagh Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5. Music from Epidemic Sound

The Obviously True Theorem No One Can Prove

20/06/2025

This deceptively simple math problem has stumped mathematicians for almost 300 years! 👉 Head to https://hensonshaving.com/veritasium and enter code 'Veritasium' for 100 free blades with the purchase of a razor. Make sure to add both the razor and the blades to your cart for the code to take effect. If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Steven Strogatz, Alex Kontorovich, Harald Helfgott, Senia Sheydvasser, Jared Duker Lichtman, Roger Heath-Brown, Kevin Ford, Carl-Fredrik Nyberg Brodda, Kaneenika Sinha & Shehzad Hathi for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video. Look out for the upcoming @fern-tv video on the tragic life of Srinivasa Ramanujan! A huge thank you to Ruben Katschko, Mathias Hawk, Chris Varga, Elmer and David from fern for working with us! The full interview with Steven Strogatz is out now, exclusive to Patreon! - https://www.patreon.com/c/veritasium ▀▀▀ 0:00 What is Goldbach’s Conjecture? 4:33 Goldbach and Euler 7:03 The Prime Number Theorem 11:16 The Genius of Ramanujan 14:57 The Circle Method 27:31 Proving the Weak Goldbach Conjecture 32:40 Math vs Mao 36:06 Back to Chen Jingrun 37:15 How you can prove the Strong Goldbach Conjecture ▀▀▀ References: References can be found here - https://ve42.co/GoldbachRefs Images & Video: Image and video references can be found here - https://ve42.co/GoldbachVisuals ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Charles Ian Norman Venn, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, iRick, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, JT, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Writers: Casper Mebius & Derek Muller Additional Writers: Darius Garewal, Callum Cuttle & Aakasha Bagga Producer & Director: Casper Mebius Editors: Jack Saxon & Peter Nelson Camera Operators: Casper Mebius & Derek Muller Animators: Fabio Albertelli, Emma Wright, Ivy Tello, Allama Nandii, Emma Foster, Mike Radjabov & Andrew Neet Illustrators: Maria Gusakovich, Jakub Misiek & Caine Esperanza Assistant Editor: James Stuart Researchers: Darius Garewal, Geeta Thakur & Gabe Strong Thumbnail Designers: Ren Hurley & Ben Powell Production Team: Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Casper Mebius & Gregor Čavlović Advice & Feedback: Gregor Čavlović Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Casper Mebius Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5. Music from Epidemic Sound

The Biggest Misconception in Football (ft. Tom Brady)

1/06/2025

Even the GOAT Tom Brady can’t throw a perfect spiral. Here’s why. 🌏 Get exclusive NordVPN deal here ➵ https://NordVPN.com/veritasium It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee!✌ If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter ▀▀▀ Thank you so much to everyone who voted for this video to win the people's voice awards for best creator-to-creator collaboration at the 2026 Webby Awards. We couldn't have done it without you. Thank you again for all your support! A huge thank you to Tom Brady for coming and throwing some footballs with us and letting us analyse his throw. You can check out his channel here: https://www.youtube.com/@tombrady Also thank you to Kevin Bonner and the team at Shadow Lion for helping make this happen! A big thanks to Daniel Hare and Wilson for all their help collecting and analyzing the data. A massive thank you to Prof. Philip Ansell, David Attig, Matt Brotnow, Sam Hince and Derrick Wiberg at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for all their work testing out footballs in their wind tunnel (more of that to come in our second video). We’d also like to shout out Stewart Bible, Ryan Sayko and the rest of the team at Resolved Analytics for all their work on the CFD models - https://www.resolvedanalytics.com/ Thank you to Mike Lopez and Tom Bliss from the Football Data and Analytics at the NFL for sharing data and insights from across NFL history. We’re incredibly grateful to Prof. Richard Price and Major Brett Gibbons for their invaluable contributions to this video. Thank you to Prof. Chad Orzel, Prof. John Eric Goff, Dr Ainissa Ramirez, Prof. Tony Schmitz & Jonathan Ferguson for all their help on the project. Also thanks to Chris Anstis for his help as a stand-in QB! ▀▀▀ 0:00 How Tom Brady Throws a Football 2:51 Why do you spin a football to throw it? 5:36 How does rifling affect a projectile? 9:09 The Turnover Paradox 11:15 How fast can Tom Brady throw? 14:31 Analysing Brady’s Throw 16:38 Gyroscopic Procession 19:47 It’s impossible to throw straight 23:17 Outdoor vs Dome Stadiums 24:31 Why Tom Brady is the GOAT ▀▀▀ References: References can be found here - https://ve42.co/BradyReferences Images & Video: Image and video references can be found here - https://ve42.co/BradyVisuals ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, armedtoe, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Charles Ian Norman Venn, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, iRick, Jeromy Johnson, Jon Jamison, JT, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Robert Oliveira, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Producer & Director: Henry van Dyck Writing: Henry van Dyck & Derek Muller Editor: Trenton Oliver Animators: Mike Radjabov & Fabio Albetelli Illustrator: Jakub Misiek Researchers: Emilia Gyles & Gabe Strong Field Producer: Katy Savage Camera Operators: John Nicholls, Trenton Oliver, Melkwych Pierre-Louis & Scott Wellington Drone Operators: Nathan Taupez Scinto, Angelo Fiorini Sound Recordist: Vlady Garcia Production Assistant: Leah Jiji Media Manager: Gabriel C. Rodriguez Assistant Editor: James Stuart Thumbnail Designers: Ren Hurley & Ben Powell Production Team: Josh Pitt, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain & Barbara Abraul Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Zoe Heron Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images Music from Epidemic Sound

How One Company Secretly Poisoned The Planet

14/05/2025

The biggest chemical cover up in history. PFAS has polluted the entire global water system. Now, potentially dangerous forever chemicals are being found in the entire US population. Go to https://groundnews.com/Ve to get all sides of every story. Subscribe to save 40% off the unlimited Vantage Plan through our link. If you’re looking for a molecular modelling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter We have a tabletop game launching! Pledge your support now - https://ve42.co/KickStarterD ▀▀▀ 0:00 Killed by Fridges 5:27 Teflon and The Manhattan Project 7:59 Teflon is Tricky 11:37 The Teflon Revolution 13:27 Earl Tennant's Farm 17:34 Inside DuPont 20:28 Fluoride In Drinking Water 25:00 It's bigger than that 29:23 What is PFAS? 35:56 How much PFAS is in Derek’s blood? 37:56 How forever chemicals get into your blood 46:18 Removing PFAS from drinking water 49:30 Can you lower your PFAS levels? ▀▀▀ Thank you so much to everyone who voted for this video to win the people's voice awards for best longform at the 2026 Webby Awards. We couldn't have done it without you. Thank you again for all your support! A huge thank you to Rob Bilott for his time and expertise. Check out his fantastic book: Bilott, R. (2019). Exposure. Simon and Schuster - https://ve42.co/7R Rob's story also inspired the 2019 film: Dark Waters. Thank you to Doctor Mike for giving us a medical perspective on PFAS! Check him out at @DoctorMike Thank you to Henrik Haggeman and the Puraffinity team, as well as Andrew Patterson and Eurofins, for doing the PFAS testing. Thank you to Leslie Hamilton, Johns Hopkins APL, Alex Conrad, Imperial College London, Jana Avgustini, and Matija Krvavica for their help on the project. ▀▀▀ PFAS Tools: PFAS Blood Test - https://ve42.co/PFASTest What's My Exposure? via www-pfas.pfas-exchange.org - https://ve42.co/myexposure Serum PFAS Calculator via ics.uci.edu - https://ve42.co/pfascalculator Interactive Map: PFAS Contamination Crisis via www.ewg.org - https://ve42.co/pfasmapinteractive The Map of Forever Pollution via foreverpollution.eu - https://ve42.co/foreverpollutionmap Australian PFAS Chemicals Map via pfas.australianmap.net - https://ve42.co/australianpfasmap ▀▀▀ References: References can be found here - https://ve42.co/PFASReferences Images & Video: Image and video references can be found here - https://ve42.co/PFASVisuals 3D Models: "Low Poly Base Mesh-530 Tri" (https://skfb.ly/onsxE) by Huge_Man "Blood Vessel" (https://skfb.ly/owHJX) by IMU University “Generic Factory” (https://skfb.ly/onQpR) by assetfactory "Lowpoly People + Waldo" (https://skfb.ly/6zqCE) by Loïc Norgeot PFOA Molecule via PubChem - https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Perfluorooctanoic-acid ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, iRick, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Samuel White, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Writers: Gregor Čavlović & Derek Muller Producer & Director: Gregor Čavlović Editors: Peter Nelson & Jack Saxon Camera Operators: Tas Underwood, Emilia Gyles, Gregor Čavlović & Derek Muller Animators: Andrew Neet, Emma Wright & Fabio Albertelli Illustrators: Caine Esperanza, Jakub Misiek & Maria Gusakovich Assistant Editor: James Stuart Additional Editor: James Horsley Researchers: Geeta Thakur, Darius Garewal, Gabe Strong & Emilia Gyles Thumbnail Designers: Ren Hurley & Ben Powell Production Team: Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Casper Mebius, Sulli Yost & Matthew Cavanagh Executive Producers: Derek Muller & Zoe Heron Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5. Music from Epidemic Sound

How a Student's Question Saved This NYC Skyscraper

26/04/2025

How a single phone call from a student helped uncover a flaw that nearly toppled Citicorp. Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily data plans! Use code veritasium at checkout. Download Saily app or go to https://saily.com/veritasium If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Correction: From construction images of Citicorp, sharp-eyed viewers might see that the mid-V columns are still there. Those columns help prevent buckling of the diagonal and the weight of people on the floor above, but do not take the majority of the gravity load. So we left them out of our diagram to clearly explain the load paths. See page 70 of this source for more details - https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ODFo66-_V7Y9vKANbj53mQ0z20RZ2Uai/view Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter ▀▀▀ 0:00 Why is the citicorp building on stilts? 4:44 How wind load works 7:49 Tuned Mass Dampers 11:17 The Anonymous Student 14:00 Quartering Winds 18:38 What were the odds of collapse? 20:31 How was the citicorp building fixed? 25:40 Hurricane Ella 27:00 TMDs Take Over The World 28:36 Conspiracies and Cover Ups ▀▀▀ A big thank you for the incredible people without whom we couldn't have done this! 🖤 To Michael Greenburg, author of The Great Miscalculation, for his insights that really brought the story and its context to life. He gave us a pre-copy of his upcoming book, and it is fantastic: https://ve42.co/Miscalc To Eric Hines for all his help with the technical details, fact-checking, and making sure we got the engineering right. To Michael J. Vardaro for helping us uncover the details of the story and the resources he provided. To Brock Hedegaard for helping us dive deep into the Citicorp structural analysis. Learn the fundamentals of structural analysis on his brilliant channel, @StructuresProfH, and see here for his analysis of the citicorp center; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lE_DspFE2ZM To Michele Barbato from UC Davis for his inputs on the load calculations. https://faculty.engineering.ucdavis.edu/barbato/ Matt from @mvvvc for talking us through his wind load analysis. To Prof. Chris Letchford who helped us understand the impact of wind on Citicorp's structure. To DongHun Yeo from NIST for discussing his research about wind effects on buildings similar to citicorp: https://ve42.co/WindLoad Finally, to Team Columbia —who built the epic TMD and ran wind tunnel experiments that made this story come alive. This includes the folks at the Mechanical Engineering Teaching Laboratory (Follow all the cool stuff they’re doing: @mechcu, @columbiaengineering or visit https://teachinglab.me/) Amanda Lombardo, Manager of Instructional Laboratories Daniela Durón García, Assistant Manager of Instructional Laboratories Jorge Casas, Machinist And the amazing seniors from the Columbia Space Initiative: (Support their awesome work here: columbiaspace.org/support-us/, Follow them: @columbiaspaceinitiative) Michael Sheehan Claudio Solano Jessica Bolar Kathryn Lampo ▀▀▀ References: Michael M. Greenburg. The Great Miscalculation via. nyupress.org - https://ve42.co/Miscalc Joe Morgenstern. The Fifty-Nine-Story Crisis via. The New Yorker - https://ve42.co/59Crisis National Academy of Engineering. William LeMessurier-The Fifty-Nine-Story Crisis: A Lesson in Professional Behavior - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=um-7IlAdAtg Diane Lee Hartley. Implications of a Major Urban Office Complex: The Scientific, Social and Symbolic Meanings of Citicorp Center via. princeton.edu - https://ve42.co/CitiSymbol Addition References here: https://ve42.co/citiref ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, HydrochloRick, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Written and Directed by Sulli Yost Edited by Trenton Oliver Additional Editing by Axel Oliver, James Horsley and Peter Nelson 3D Modeling by Maydelis Anaya Romero Animation by Mike Radjabov, Andrew Neet, Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, and Emma Wright Illustration by Jakub Misiek, Maria Gusakovich and Cainejan Esperanza Filmed by Sulli Yost, Henry van Dyck, Andrew Abballe, Derek Muller Produced by Sulli Yost, Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Zoe Heron, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain Additional research by Geeta Thakur Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Ben Powell Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5, Axiom Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

The Biggest Misconception in Physics

14/04/2025

Why does energy disappear in General Relativity? 👉 Use code VERITASIUM to get 50% off your first monthly KiwiCo Crate! https://www.kiwico.com/VERITASIUM Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together. https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis, Prof. Melissa Franklin, Prof. David Kaiser, Elba Alonso-Monsalve, Richard Behiel, Prof. Leo Stein and Jakob Schwintenberg for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video. Special thanks to Alessandro from ScienceClic for his help on animations and input on the script. Check out his excellent video on Noether’s theorem here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hF_uHfSoOGA ▀▀▀ 0:00 What is symmetry? 4:25 Emmy Noether and Einstein 7:33 General Covariance 11:59 The Principle of Least Action 15:29 Noether’s First Theorem 18:24 The Continuity Equation 23:20 Escape from Germany 24:49 The Standard Model - Higgs and Quarks ▀▀▀ References: MathHistory Biography - Emmy Amalie Noether via mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk - https://ve42.co/BioNoether Bartlett, J. G. (2021). The Standard Cosmological Model and CMB Anisotropies. New Astron.Rev. 43 (1999) 83-109 - https://ve42.co/CosmoCMB Kimberling, C. (1982). Emmy Noether, Greatest Woman Mathematician. Mathematics Teacher, March 1982, Volume 84, Number 3, pp. 246–249. - https://ve42.co/NoetherGreat Blunck, A., et al. (2016). Mathematik und Gender. Verlag Franzbecker - https://ve42.co/MathGender Evans, R. J. (1976). The Feminist movement in Germany, 1894-1933. Sage Publications - https://ve42.co/FeministGer Without Emmy Noether, there would be a huge gap in mathematics and its understanding via www.mpg.de - https://ve42.co/NoetherGap Dihedral group of order 6 via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Dihedral6 Emmy Noether University of Erlangen via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/Erlangen Timeline of women in mathematics via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WomenMath Elizaveta Litvinova via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/LitvinovaE Sofya Kovalevskaya via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/KovalevskayaS Charlotte Scott via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/ScottC Cornelia Fabri via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/FabriC Emmy Noether, the renowned mathematician who taught 20 years of unpaid classes just because she was a woman via english.elpais.com - https://ve42.co/NoetherPay Noether, E. (1908). Über die Bildung des Formensystems der ternären biquadratischen Form. Reimer - https://ve42.co/NDissert Noether, E. (1983). Invariante Variationsprobleme. Gott.Nachr.1918:235-257,1918; Transp.Theory Statist.Phys.1:186-207,1971 - https://ve42.co/InvarProb Noether, E. (2018). M. A. Tavel’s English translation of “Invariante Variationsprobleme”. arXiv - https://ve42.co/InvarProbEn Byers, N. (1998). E. Noether’s Discovery of the Deep Connection Between Symmetries and Conservation Laws*. Mod.Phys.Lett. A14 (1999) 99-104 - https://ve42.co/SymCon De Haro, S. (2021). Noether’s Theorems and Energy in General Relativity. Cambridge University Press, 2021 - https://ve42.co/EnergyGR Rowe, D. E. (2019). Emmy Noether on Energy Conservation in General Relativity. arXiv - https://ve42.co/EnergyCon Branding, K. (2005). A Note on General Relativity, Energy Conservation, and Noether’s Theorems. Springer - https://ve42.co/GRanEC Additional References: https://ve42.co/NoethersAdRefs ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, iRick, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Directed by Matthew Davies Written by Matthew Davies, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller and Pablo Rovetto Edited by Trenton Oliver, Peter Nelson and Nick Lear Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Emma Wright, Andrew Neet, Alessandro Roussel and Ivy Tello Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Cainejan Esperanza, Tommy Stevens, Maria Gusakovich and Emma Wright Additional research by Henry van Dyck, Gabe Strong and Darius Garewal Produced by Matthew Davies, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Zoe Heron, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley, Ben Powell and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound

The Most Controversial Idea In Math

2/04/2025

How do you make infinite choices? 👉 To try everything Brilliant has to offer for free for a full 30 days, visit http://brilliant.org/veritasium. You’ll also get 20% off an annual premium subscription. Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together. https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Dr Asaf Karagila, Prof. Alex Kontorovich, Prof. Joel David Hamkins, Prof. Andrew Marks, Prof. Gabriel Goldberg and Prof. Elliot Glazer for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video. Head over and sign up to our Patreon for some exclusive behind the scenes footage, showing how the animations and illustrations for this video were made - https://www.patreon.com/posts/patreon-behind-126443880?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link ▀▀▀ 0:00 What comes after one? 2:42 Some infinities are bigger than others 6:17 The Well Ordering Principle 10:32 Zermelo And The Axiom Of Choice 17:22 Why is the axiom of choice controversial? 23:16 The Banach–Tarski Paradox 27:53 Obviously True, Obviously False 29:58 Your Proof Your Choice ▀▀▀ References: Up and Atom - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X56zst79Xjg Minutephysics - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-QoutHCu4o PBS Infinite Series - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcRZadc5KpI&t=125s Vsauce - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s86-Z-CbaHA&t=474s Ernst Zermelo via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/zermeloBio Axiom of choice via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/choiceAxiom Georg Cantor via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/cantorMath Gregory H. Moore (2013). Consequences of the Axiom of Choice. Dover Publications - https://ve42.co/choiceBook Georg Cantor (1874). On a property of the class of all real algebraic numbers. Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik - https://ve42.co/MeyerCantor1874 Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus (Dec 2012). Zermelo and the Heidelberg Congress 1904. Historia Mathematica - https://ve42.co/SciDirect1904 Herbert B. Enderton (1977). Elements of Set Theory. - https://ve42.co/SciDirectGCH Additional References - https://ve42.co/AoCAdRefs Images & Video: Foundations of a general theory of sets by Georg Cantor via ViaLibri - https://ve42.co/grundlagen Alfred Tarski by George Bergman via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/tarski Alfred Tarski Offprint Group by Alfred Tarski via Bonhams - https://ve42.co/tarskipaper La mission strasbourgeoise de Maurice Fréchet by Laurent Mazliak via Images des mathematiques - https://ve42.co/frechet Kurt Gödel by Alfred Eisenstaedt via New Yorker - https://ve42.co/godel Leopold Kronecker by Granger via Fine Art America - https://ve42.co/kronecker Lashi Bandara (2006). Zermelo-Frankel Set Theory and Well Orderings. ResearchGate - https://ve42.co/zermelofrankel Heidelberg, Germany 1936 by Wagner & Debes via Ward Maps - https://ve42.co/heidelberg Pythagoras by J. Augustus Knapp via the marginalian - https://ve42.co/pythag Paul Cohen by C. J. Mozzochi via C. J. Mozzochi - https://ve42.co/paulcohen Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada. Lecture 01: Introduction: a non-measurable set via Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llnNaRzuvd4&t=834s Simons Foundation. Fields Medal: James Maynard. Youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=un-z8kgOrV0&t=8s ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, HydrochloRick, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Directed by Kaela Albert Written by Kaela Albert and Emily Zhang Edited by Jack Saxon and Luke Molloy Assistant Edited by James Stuart Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Andrew Neet, Alex Zepharin, Mike Radjabov, Emma Wright and Ivy Tello Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Maria Gusakovich, Cainejan Esperanza, Tommy A. Steven and Emma Wright Additional research by Emilia Gyles, Gabe Bean, Geeta Thakur and Vincent Cheng Produced by Kaela Albert, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Emily Zhang, Zoe Heron, Rob Beasley Spence, and Tori Brittain Additional Editing by Luke Molloy and James Stuart Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Peter Sheppard and Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

How this helicopter survived 1004 days on Mars, then disappeared...

20/03/2025

How a helicopter built of phone parts survived Mars for 3 years. Use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan. Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together. https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Correction: 0:12, we say that ingenuity is 680g which is its weight on Mars. On Earth however, it weighs around 1800g. Clarifications: - A Patreon supporter named Zeus pointed out that we were wrong about Perseverance's/Ingenuity's position on Mars. It is in the Northern Hemisphere and hence Mars would be getting closer to the Sun as it goes into winter. - Ingenuity was on Mars for 1004 Earth days. Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter ▀▀▀ A massive thank you to the team at JPL and especially Teddy Tzanetos, Travis Brown, Håvard Grip and DC Agle Check out Astrum's video on Mars - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7mjp7MDx_w ▀▀▀ 0:00 How Did Ingenuity Get To Mars? 3:23 Better Results, Bigger Expectations 6:15 Wobblecopter 7:48 Dust On Mars 9:41 What Is The Temperature On Mars? 11:54 Wake-Up Call 13:41 Android To The Rescue 16:22 Cosmic Rays 20:53 Dune and The Crash 25:26 The Next Generation ▀▀▀ References: Ingenuity Mars Helicopter - NASA Science via science.nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/marsheli2 Ingenuity (helicopter) via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/wikiheli Mars Facts | NASA Mars Exploration via science.nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/marsfacts Inside the Ingenuity Helicopter Teamwork on Mars via insideunmannedsystems.com - https://ve42.co/marscrew Ingenuity Adapts for Mars Winter Operations via science.nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/marswinter Ingenuity Is Doing Surprisingly Well via www.universetoday.com - https://ve42.co/marswell Remember NASA's Little Mars Copter? It's Still Going Strong via www.sciencealert.com - https://ve42.co/marsstrong How Far Away Is Mars? via www.space.com - https://ve42.co/marsdist Mars Cameras via science.nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/marsorb Mars Exploration Meeting Documentation via www.hou.usra.edu - https://ve42.co/marsmeet Ingenuity Quick Facts via www.jpl.nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/marsquick Flight 14 Delayed via science.nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/marsspin Additional References - https://ve42.co/MarsAdRefs Images & Video: Images and video from Perseverance and Ingenuity missions supplied by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Matthias (3 axis accelerometer, 3 axis gyroscope) https://youtu.be/yqFfmwVufMo?si=IoCj32PeVNZ4VJ-F Veritasium. https://youtu.be/ty9QSiVC2g0?si=Gb48I-YjADPbPUsL The Limiting Factor https://youtu.be/4-1psMHSpKs?si=LF1jfLLNsBwRfwkB NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/xsUtq8PwZpQ?si=xOC91fdoSHdJndgx VideoFromSpace. https://youtu.be/Kb0Pc22N6w4?si=4uSUetsSUKFTStme NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/qMbHE_VXI-8?si=TNePbTRpcN3oLEVJ Veritasium. https://youtu.be/GhsZUZmJvaM?si=IIY0uuDrT-LzY5bI Sighawke. https://youtu.be/OdKAW_0ENPU?si=18ZXXll3wSMj_Ex3 NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/thk4Rha-fTk?si=_elC6Iqm1uaSjEFX NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/PFbzEM8PzHE?si=LmO71EVFqBAn6NEw NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/ia6S1jZmwWc?si=aAFC-BEmGwHIIqH7 JPL Raw. https://youtu.be/uz4GaAE7OMQ?si=7084_GDkrGnSSVTy NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://youtu.be/U7DFnNimSfw?si=JgwO2SNU9HXf3GIa Apex Clips. https://youtu.be/NttUBB98zg4?si=j1OEQD1VBONTEEPI Veritasium. https://youtu.be/AaZ_RSt0KP8?si=h7NKzMtJ87HRZ-bB Cyber Chaos Crew. https://youtu.be/-KFH--_cdiI?si=S5rv8RjTtscu-S22 NBC News. https://youtu.be/lFiTjZDOekg?si=6a43qnPdveHaz6YA Further image and video credits - https://docs.google.com/document/d/19fkGlnMj86GoISqBuEJbmW5oIpDI-JwDmlM7-iFITzU/edit?usp=sharing ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, HydrochloRick, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Directed by Henry van Dyck Written by Henry van Dyck Edited by Trenton Oliver On-site Interviews by Jonny Hyman Filming by Alex Gorosh Produced by Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Jonny Hyman, Henry van Dyck, Gabe Strong, Zoe Heron, and Derek Muller Animated by Emma Wright and Mike Radjabov Additional Research by Gabe Strong and Darius Garewal Additional Editing by James Stuart Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Gregor Čavlović and Henry van Dyck Additional video/photos supplied by NASA JPL, Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

Something Strange Happens When You Trust Quantum Mechanics

5/03/2025

Does light take all possible paths at the same time? 🌏 Get exclusive NordVPN deal here ➵ https://NordVPN.com/veritasium It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee!✌ A massive thank you to Dr. Andrew Mitchell for all his help and expertise. If you want to delve further into this topic then we highly recommend his lecture on Classical physics derived from quantum mechanics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iuLwWDYC4U&t=1s We’re incredibly grateful to Prof. David Kaiser, Prof. Steven Strogatz, Prof. Geraint F. Lewis, Elba Alonso-Monsalve, Prof. Christopher S. Baird, Prof. Anthony Bloch, and Prof. Stephen Bartlett for their invaluable contributions to this video. A special thanks to Mahesh Shenoy from FloatHeadPhysics for his help with this video. Check out his excellent intuitive video on the UV Catastrophe here (Sep 2024): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALEDjjAVZSY We have a tabletop game launching! Pledge your support now - https://ve42.co/KickStarterD ▀▀▀ 0:00 What path does light travel? 2:40 Black Body Radiation 6:47 How did Planck solve the ultraviolet catastrophe? 9:42 The Quantum of Action 13:25 De Broglie’s Hypothesis 15:16 The Double Slit Experiment 20:00 How Feynman Did Quantum Mechanics 25:01 Proof That Light Takes Every Path 31:16 The Theory of Everything ▀▀▀ Sign up to our Patreon to watch the Q&A for free: https://www.patreon.com/c/veritasium Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together. https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ References: Armin Hermann (Nov 1974). The Genesis of Quantum Theory (1899-1913). - https://ve42.co/genquanttheor Richard P. Feynman (1985). QED The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. - https://ve42.co/qed A fantastic book on the history of the Principle of Least Action: Rojo, A. and Bloch, A. The Principle of Least Action: History and Physics. - https://ve42.co/Bloch2018 Coopersmith, J. (2017). The lazy universe: an introduction to the principle of least action. Oxford University Press. - https://ve42.co/LazyU PBS Space Time. (Nov 2021) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_CQDSlmboA Sabine Hossenfelder. (May 2022) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0da8TEeaeE Max Planck (1901). On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum. Annalen der Physik - https://ve42.co/lawdistenergy Paul Ehrenfest (1911). Welche Züge der Lichtquantenhypothese spielen in der Theorie der Wärmestrahlung eine wesentliche Rolle?. Wiley Online Library - https://ve42.co/quantthermrad Nils-Erik Bomark and Reidun Renstrøm (Aug 2023). The Ultraviolet myth. Proceedings of Science - https://ve42.co/uvmyth Planck's law. In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/planckslaw PBS Space Time. (Jul 2017). - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSFRN-ymfgE&t=10s Einstein and The Photoelectric Effect. (Jan 2005) via APS News - https://ve42.co/einsteinphotoelec Louis de Broglie (1924). On the Theory of Quanta. - https://ve42.co/theoryquanta Larry Sorensen (2012). Path Integrals 1. University of Washington - https://ve42.co/pathintegrals Feynman’s Method of “A Particle Exploring All Possible Paths”. (Mar 2018) via Pure Dhamma - https://ve42.co/allposspaths Additional References - https://ve42.co/AdditionalReferences-PoLA2 Images & Video: Nobistor Altona 1880 via NDR - https://ve42.co/streetlight Edison incandescent lights by William J. Hammer via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/edinclights The full expanded form of the Standard Model Lagrangian by Chen Ning Yang et al. via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/stmodellang Muon Ray. (2011). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QUj2ZRUa7c Muon Ray. (2011). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1C7abO7LtV0 Bohrs Atomic Model via EEEGUIDE.COM - https://ve42.co/bohrmodel ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, qiaohui wei, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver and Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Andrew Neet and Emma Wright Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Tommy A. Steven and Cainejan Esperanza Filmed by Derek Muller and Casper Mebius Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Gabe Strong, Geeta Thakur, Emilia Gyles, Zoe Heron, Emily Zhang and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Ignat Berbeci, Ben Powell, Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

The Blender Question Everyone Gets Wrong

18/02/2025

Are you smart enough to solve this Google interview question? Use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan. A massive thank you to Dan Goldman, Jeff Aguilar, Daniel Soto and Georgia Tech’s Complex Rheology And Biomechanics Lab We’re incredibly grateful to Carl Zimmer, Gayle McDowell, and Geoffrey West Correction: Dan Goldman is a Professor of Physics not Biomechanics. We have a tabletop game launching! Pledge your support now - https://ve42.co/KickStarterD ▀▀▀ 0:00 Hard Google Interview Question 2:34 How do Geckos stick to walls? 5:58 Do physicists know the answer? 7:01 The Square-Cube Law 9:10 Tiny Superheroes 10:23 Simulating the problem 13:36 Adding Air Resistance 15:14 The End? 16:16 What would happen if you were shrunk? 17:39 What interviewers actually look for ▀▀▀ Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together. https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ References: William Poundstone (Jan 2012). Are You Smart Enough to Work at Google?. - https://ve42.co/smartenough Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. Translated by Paul Maquet (1989). On the Movement of Animals. - https://ve42.co/borellianimals In Head-Hunting, Big Data May Not Be Such a Big Deal. (Jun 2013) via New York Times - https://ve42.co/headhuntbigdata Drag Forces. via Lumen Learning - https://ve42.co/dragforces R. McN. Alexander (Feb 1995). Leg design and jumping technique for humans, other vertebrates and insects. The Royal Society Publishing - https://ve42.co/legdesignjump Sharon B. Emerson (Sep 1978). Allometry and Jumping in Frogs: Helping the Twain to Meet. JSTOR - https://ve42.co/allometryfrogs Jay J. Meyers, Anthony Herrel & James Birch (Jan 2002). Scaling of Morphology, Bite Force and Feeding Kinematics in an Iguanian and a Scleroglossan Lizard. Anthony Herrel - https://ve42.co/scalinglizard Kirby TJ, McBride JM, Haines TL, Dayne AM. (Aug 2011). Relative Net Vertical Impulse Determines Jumping Performance. Journal of Applied Biomechanics - https://ve42.co/jumpperformance Rasmussen Mette H. et al (Jul 2022). Evidence that gecko setae are coated with an ordered nanometre-thin lipid film. The Royal Society Publishing - https://ve42.co/geckosetae Body Orientation During a Skydive. via Libre Texts Physics - https://ve42.co/skydivephysics ▀▀▀ Images & Video: Here’s how many Google interviews it takes to hire a Googler. (Apr 2019) via CNBC Make It - https://ve42.co/googleinterviews Google received 3.3 million job applications in 2019. (Jan 2020) via Axios - https://ve42.co/googleapplications Here’s why you only have a 0.2% chance of getting hired at Google. (Oct 2014) via Quartz - https://ve42.co/hiredgoogle Dear Reddit, my friend was asked this RIDICULOUS question in a job interview, what’s the best possible answer?. (2011) via Reddit - https://ve42.co/redditblender Mark Rober. (May 2020) Backyard Squirrel Maze 1.0- Ninja Warrior Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFZFjoX2cGg Cambridge University. (Feb 2010) Cambridge Ideas - Sticky Feet https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hd5upt3IrWM IV C. (Oct 2023)Incredible Shrinking Man (1957) Jack Arnold. The spider scene. El increíble hombre menguante. Araña https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJiJsbBBHpE&t=7s Russ Amy. (Apr 2018) Honey I Shrunk the Kids 1989 1080p BluRay X264 AMIABLE mkv https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byxGZ8cD7rk R Sisters Gaming. (Feb 2022) It Takes Two - Destroyed by the Blender https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqrPufq2jP8 ClipsyBox. (May 2017) Hulk vs. Ant-Man - Coca-Cola: Coke Mini https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMkGwCw7iv8 El Gato. (June 2021) Squirrel has 44" vertical jump straight up to bird feeder! jumping https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ethwLHw46JM A-purpose . (Apr 2024). Who can jump bigger part #2 via Youtube - https://www.youtube.com/shorts/mJhf7wYNkYA ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, qiaohui wei, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Directed by Henry van Dyck Written by Henry van Dyck Edited by Peter Nelson and Nick Lear Assistant Edited by James Stuart Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Andrew Neet, Jakub Misiek and Emma Wright Filmed by Henry van Dyck and Lukas Guderjahn Additional Research by Emilia Gyles and Geeta Thakur Produced by Derek Muller, Henry van Dyck, Zoe Heron, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley and Henry van Dyck Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman

AlphaFold - The Most Useful Thing AI Has Ever Done

10/02/2025

The biggest problems in the world might be solved by tiny molecules unlocked using AI. Take your big idea online today with https://ve42.co/hostinger - code VE at checkout. A huge thank you to John Jumper and Kathryn Tunyasuvunakool at Google Deepmind; and to David Baker and the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington for their invaluable expertise and explanations. We’re incredibly grateful to Juanita Bagawan and Lucie Kerley at Google Deepmind, and Ian C. Haydon at the UW Institute for Protein Design for their assistance with some of the animation and imagery used in this video. Special thanks to those at Google DeepMind Production Studios for their help interviewing John Jumper: Director - Bernardo Resende Director of Photography - Robert Messere Senior Audio Technician - Perry Rogantin Senior Production Coordinator - Sarah Ellen Morton Studio Manager - Nicholas Duke For more on this topic head over to our Patreon for the exclusive extended interview https://www.patreon.com/posts/patreon-with-cut-122274530?utm_medium=clipboard_copy&utm_source=copyLink&utm_campaign=postshare_creator&utm_content=join_link ▀▀▀ 0:00 How to determine protein structures 3:50 Why are proteins so complicated? 5:34 The CASP Competition and Deep Mind 9:08 How does Alphafold work? 12:06 3 ways to get better AI 14:24 What is a Transformer in AI? 17:15 The Structure Module 18:35 Alphafold 2 wins the Nobel Prize 20:36 Designing New Proteins - RF Diffusion 22:58 The Future of AI ▀▀▀ Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together. https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter ▀▀▀ References and Credits: How AI Revolutionized Protein Science, but Didn’t End It. (Jun 2024) via Quanta Magazine - https://ve42.co/airev Jumper, J., Evans, R., Pritzel, A. et al. (Jul 2021). Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature - https://ve42.co/alphafoldtwo Senior, A.W., Evans, R., Jumper, J. et al. (Jan 2020). Improved protein structure prediction using potentials from deep learning. Nature - https://ve42.co/alphafold R Zwanzig, A Szabo, B Bagchi (Jan 1992). Levinthal's paradox. PMC, National Institute of Health - https://ve42.co/levparadox Khatib, F., DiMaio, F., Foldit Contenders Group. et al. (Sept 2011). Crystal structure of a monomeric retroviral protease solved by protein folding game players. Nature - https://ve42.co/proteinfoldingsolved DeepMind co-founder: Gaming inspired AI breakthrough. (Dec 2020) via BBC - https://ve42.co/aibreakthrough 3Blue1Brown. (Apr 2024). Transformers (how LLMs work) explained visually | DL5 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/transformers AlphaFold impact stories. via Deepmind Blog - https://ve42.co/foldimpact Quanta Magazine. (Oct 2024). How AI Cracked the Protein Folding Code and Won a Nobel Prize via Youtube - https://ve42.co/proteinfolding Looking Glass Universe. (Apr 2024). how AlphaFold *actually* works via Youtube - https://ve42.co/foldworks Google DeepMind. (Nov 2020). AlphaFold: The making of a scientific breakthrough via Youtube - https://ve42.co/alphafoldvideo Nobel Prize. (Dec 2024). 2024 Nobel Prize lectures in chemistry | David Baker, Demis Hassabis and John Jumper via Youtube - https://ve42.co/nobelchem The AlphaFold2 Method Paper: A Fount of Good Ideas. (Jul 2021) via moalquraishi.wordpress - https://ve42.co/Alphafoldpaper Why Don't We Have More Protein-Protein Drug Molecules? (Dec 2009) via Science - https://ve42.co/proteindrugmol Data sonification. via Carla Scaletti - https://ve42.co/datasonification Images & Video: Available here - https://ve42.co/alphafoldvisuals And if you want to learn more about how we have been making antivenom check out our previous video How Horses Save Humans From Snakebites - https://ve42.co/veantivenom ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Directed by Sumeet Kulkarni Written by Sumeet Kulkarni, Derek Muller and Zoe Heron Edited by Jack Saxon Animated by Ivy Tello, Emma Wright, Andrew Neet and Fabio Albertelli Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Filmed and demos done by Sumeet Kulkarni Additional research by Geeta Thakur, Vincent Cheng and Emilia Gyles Produced by Sumeet Kulkarni, Derek Muller, Zoe Heron, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard and Ben Powell Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

Can You Keep Zooming In Infinitely?

5/02/2025

Here’s what happens when you just keep zooming in. Use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan. A big thank you to Magnus Garbrecht from the University of Sydney for showing us around the lab and for his feedback on the script. Special thanks to Quentin Ramasse for his expertise on the video. Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter ▀▀▀ 0:00 Why is it hard to see atoms? 2:12 How does an electron microscope work? 4:09 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 5:11 Spherical Aberration 8:55 Field Ion Microscope 11:05 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) 13:24 Probe microscopes 14:02 An unlikely solution 18:08 Seeing atoms ▀▀▀ Join us on Patreon for early access videos, bonus content, and to support Veritasium! https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, and wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ References: Busch, H. (1926). Berechnung der Bahn von Kathodenstrahlen im axialsymmetrischen elektromagnetischen Felde. Annalen Der Physik - https://ve42.co/Busch1926 Ruska, E. (1986). The development of the electron microscope and of electron microscopy. Nobel Lecture - https://ve42.co/Ruska1986 Scherzer, O. (1936) - https://ve42.co/Scherzer1936 Jensen, G. (2015). Part 1: EM Lenses. Caltech - https://ve42.co/Jensen2015 Field Ion Microscope via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/FieldIon Transmission Electron Microscope via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/MicroscopeTEM Albert V. Crewe biography via UChicagoNews Microscopy Society of America - https://ve42.co/CreweBio McMullan, D. (1993). Scanning Electron Microscopy 1928 - 1965. Microscopy Society of America, Cincinnati - https://ve42.co/McMullan1993 Electric and Magnetic Field Lenses via MIT - https://ve42.co/LensesMIT Haider, M. et al. (1998). Towards 0.1 nm resolution with the first spherically corrected transmission electron microscope. Journal of Electron Microscopy - https://ve42.co/Haider1998_1 Haider, M. et al. (1998). Electron microscopy image enhanced. Nature - https://ve42.co/Haider1998_2 Krivanek, O. et al. (2022). Aberration correction in the STEM. CRC Press EBooks - https://ve42.co/Krivanek2022 Crewe, A. V., et al. (1970). Visibility of Single Atoms. Science - https://ve42.co/Crewe1970 Secrets of Size: Atoms to Supergalaxies via the BBC - https://ve42.co/AtomsBBC Pennycook, S. J. (2012). Seeing the atoms more clearly: STEM imaging from the Crewe era to today. Ultramicroscopy - https://ve42.co/Pennycook2012 Rose, H. H. (2009). Historical aspects of aberration correction. Journal of Electron Microscopy - https://ve42.co/Rose2009 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience via kavliprize.org - https://ve42.co/Kavli2020 Vogt, T. (2019) Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscopy - https://ve42.co/Vogt2019 Images & Video: Available here - https://ve42.co/AtomsVisuals ▀▀▀ Directed by Gregor Čavlović, Derek Muller, and Tim Usborne Written by Gregor Čavlović, Tim Usborne, Emily Zhang, and Casper Mebius Edited by Trenton Oliver and Charlie Grayley Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Emma Wright, and Andrew Neet Illustrated by Jakub Misiek and Maria Gusakovich Filmed by Charles Clements Additional research by Gabe Strong, Geeta Thakur, and Emili Gyles Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Emily Zhang, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Gabe Strong, Luke Lewis, and Matthew Cavanagh Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley, and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

Why Super Glue Is Perfect For Gluing Skin

28/01/2025

Why does superglue always stick to your hands and never what you want it to? Get a little smarter every day with Brilliant. Visit https://brilliant.org/veritasium for a 30-day free trial and 20% off your annual premium subscription. A heartfelt thank you to Dr. Allison Christy and Dr. John Bobo for their invaluable expertise, fresh perspectives, and explanations. Thank you to Emily Von Stein and Chris Masahiro at Aron Alpha, Dr. Chantelle Champagne, and Dr. Rohit Gupta for their time and contributions to the initial research that laid the groundwork for this project. Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together. https://ve42.co/SnatomsV Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter ANIMATION CORRECTION: At 4:52, the negative charge should be drawn on the carbon at the end of the chain, not on the second to last carbon. This also holds during the polymerization process (5:15), where the negative charge should move right to the end of the chain. ▀▀▀ 0:00 The Invention of Super Glue 2:43 How Does Super Glue Work? 5:38 How To Get Superglue Off Your Skin 8:33 Why Is Super Glue So Strong? 12:00 Why Doesn’t Super Glue Work on plastic? 13:45 Mixing Super Glue and Baking Soda 15:30 Using Super Glue Underwater 15:59 Super Glue On Wounds 19:47 A Solution To Microplastics? ▀▀▀ References and Credits: Dr. Harry Coover Jr. (Nov 2023) via Sutori - https://ve42.co/sutori Allison Christy, Closed-loop recyclable plastics from poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) - https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adg2295 About Cyanoacrylate Adhesives. via Permabond - https://ve42.co/permab Kodak Eastman In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/kodakw Harry Coover and the Invention of Super Glue. (Mar 2022) via SciHi Blog - https://ve42.co/scihio Humphrey Sam Samuel (May 2024). Cyanoacrylate Chemistry and Polymerization Mechanisms. - https://ve42.co/pcbioc Radical polymerization.. In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/wikira Overview of materials for Cyanoacrylate Adhesive. via MATWEBb - https://ve42.co/matweb United States Patent Office: US2776232. (Jan 1957) via US patent office - https://ve42.co/patentb Medical Grade Cyanoacrylate Adhesive Market Size Growth Report. (Nov 2024) via Linkedin - https://ve42.co/linkpu Science Channel. (Dec 2017). Think Super Glue Can Lift A Pickup Truck? via Youtube - https://ve42.co/ytbpee Loctite & Teroson UK. (Apr 2023). Learn How Loctite SF 7452 Can Accelerate Bonding When using Loctite 454 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/loctiteg Image and Video Credits LOCTITE® North America. (May 2017). Loctite 4902FL Highly Flexible Cyanoacrylate via Youtube - https://ve42.co/loctitef The Gorilla Glue Company. (May 2021). How To Use Gorilla Super Glue via Youtube - https://ve42.co/gluehowt Flex Seal. (Nov 2022). Flex Super Glue Commercial - The Flex Seal Family of Products via Youtube - https://ve42.co/flexglue ewjxn. (Nov 2020). 1984 Instant Krazy Glue Strong enough to hold this woman TV Commercial.mp4 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/krazyglue tvdays. (Nov 2007). ELMERS GLUE 1960.mp4 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/elmer Aron Alpha Industrial Krazy Glue. (Feb 2024). The Leader in High Performance Instant Adhesives via Youtube - https://ve42.co/aronalpha How researchers turned superglue into a cheap plastic alternative by via fastcompany - https://ve42.co/superplastic Woman Mistakenly Uses Glue Instead Of Eye Drops by via CBS News - https://ve42.co/eyegludd Further References: https://ve42.co/refsuperglue ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our patrons for sticking around! Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Farbod Mansorian, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee Join us on Patreon for early access videos, bonus content, and to support Veritasium! https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Live on Patreon now is an exclusive unseen interview with Chantelle Champagne https://www.patreon.com/posts/121045719 ▀▀▀ Directed by Sulli Yost Written by Sulli Yost and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Assistant Editor - James Stuart Illustrated by Jakub Misiek and Caine Esperanza Animated by Emma Wright, Andrew Neet and Fabio Albertelli Filmed and demos done by Sulli Yost, Derek Muller and Wylie Overstreet Additional research by Geeta Thakur Produced by Sulli Yost, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Ben Powell Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman

Why Is MIT Making Robot Insects?

21/01/2025

What happens when you shrink robots down to the size of insects? Let’s explore the mind-bending physics behind their superpowers! Engineers get Onshape Professional free up to 6 months: go to https://www.onshape.pro/veritasium to create CAD models and bring your ideas to life. ▀▀▀ 00:00 The Problem Of Surface Tension 3:16 How Does A Bee Fly? 7:08 What Powers Something So Small? 8:16 Tiny Muscles 10:36 Pogo Sticks On Mars 11:27 Mini Search Parties 13:29 Swarms Of Spybots 15:55 Penny Sized Combustion Engines 18:40 Science For Science’s Sake ▀▀▀ A massive thank you to Kevin Chen and the Soft and Micro Robotics Laboratory at MIT. for hosting us and showcasing their incredible robots. Do check out their paper Acrobatics at Insect Scale: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.adp4256 We’re incredibly grateful to Mechanical Engineering at Cornell and the Harvard Microrobotics Lab for their groundbreaking work that informed much of what we’ve shared here. Special thanks to Pakpong Chirarattananon and Cameron Aubin for their expertise and insights into mini-robot science. CORRECTION: The scale bar at 18:19 is wrong. It should be 2cm, not 2mm. Thanks @nicolaszaugg5825 for pointing it out. ▀▀▀ If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. https://snatoms.com/ Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter References: https://ve42.co/botsrefs Video and Image Credits: Giving bug-like, flying robots a boost by MIT via YouTube - https://ve42.co/FlyingRobots Leading edge vortex stably attached near the base of a freely flying maple seed Acer pseudo-platanus by Francis Villatoro via YouTube - https://ve42.co/VortexStab NASA Mars Helicopter Ingenuity Animations by JPLRaw via YouTube - https://ve42.co/IngenuityAnim Rolls-Royce | SWARM Robots by Rolls Royce via YouTube - https://ve42.co/SWARMRobots Robot Rescue: Behind The Technology Deployed For Disaster Relief | by NBC News via YouTube - https://ve42.co/RobotRescue Call to Service: The Final Rescue of 9/11 by 5.11 Tactical via YouTube - https://ve42.co/CallToService Colony Collapse: The Mystery of the Missing Bees | Retro Report | by NYT via YouTube - https://ve42.co/ColonyCollapse ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Farbod Mansorian, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, meg noah, wolfee ▀▀▀ Directed by Henry van Dyck Written by Henry van Dyck Edited by Nick Lear and Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright and Ivy Tello Filmed by Henry van Dyck, Petr Lebedev and Michael Cimpher Additional Research by Geeta Thakur and Gabe Strong Produced by Derek Muller, Henry van Dyck, Rob Beasley Spence, and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley and Henry van Dyck Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story blocks Music from Epidemic Sound

Why Don’t Railroads Need Expansion Joints?

1/01/2025

How Thermite turned the clickety-clack of railroads into seamless, silent tracks. Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily data plans! Use code veritasium at checkout. Download Saily app or go to https://saily.com/veritasium A massive thank you to everyone at Goldschmidt for making this possible. With special thanks to Dr. Axel Hoeschen, Christof Gassmann and Claudia Koch. If you want to learn all the details about why we don’t need expansion joints anymore, check out Grady’s excellent video here: youtu.be/zqmOSMAtadc If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. https://snatoms.com/ Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - https://ve42.co/Newsletter ▀▀▀ 00:00 The problem with continuous welded rail 03:33 How to weld two rails together 10:16 Why is rapidly cooled steel brittle? 11:40 Thermite reaction and a see-through mould 16:30 Clean up 19:11 Metallurgy 22:15 How strong is the weld? 24:26 Why don’t the rails buckle? ▀▀▀ References: Practical Engineering. Why Railroads Don't Need Expansion Joints youtu.be/zqmOSMAtadc Stress–strain curve In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/stressstrain The Efficient Engineer. Understanding Metals via Youtube https://youtu.be/PaGJwOPg2kU moodlemech. Properties and Grain Structure via Youtube - youtu.be/uG35D_euM-0 Images & Video: bhadeshi123. Martensitic transformation via Youtube youtu.be/OQ5lVjYssko Stratford Works In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/stratford Electric Tram 1881 In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/tram Water Quenched Steel In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/quench Synagoge 1922 In Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/synagoge ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Alexander Tamas, Autodidactic Studios, Farbod Mansorian, Gnare, Juan Benet, Lee Redden, Meekay, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Ubiquity Ventures, Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, gpoly, Greg Scopel, I. H., KeyWestr, Kyi, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Spilmann Reed, Tj Steyn, TTST, wolfee. ▀▀▀ Directed by Derek Muller and Casper Mebius Written by Derek Muller and Casper Mebius Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Mike Radjabov, Rokas Vikšraitis and Fabio Albertelli Filmed by Derek Muller, David Bochmann, Casper Mebius, Luise Dietert, Henning Fischer and Harald Schweiger Additional research by Geeta Thakur Produced by Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Gregor Čavlović, Geeta Thakur, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard and Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks Music from Epidemic Sound

The Man Who Took LSD and Changed The World

26/12/2024

LSD-fiend, surfer, maverick — Kary Mullis might be the weirdest person ever to win the Nobel Prize. Get a little smarter every day with Brilliant. Visit https://brilliant.org/veritasium to get 20% off your annual premium subscription. A massive thank you to Tom White, Hudson Freeze, and Henry Erlich for their time and expertise on the subject. A huge thank you to Eleni Kleanthous, Jan Novoselec, Kieran Sparkes, Andrew Garcia, and UCSD’s Pride Lab for reviewing the science. For great coverage of the PCR story, check out ‘Making PCR’ by Paul Rabinow - https://ve42.co/Rabinow1996 For exclusive behind-the-scenes content on the making of this video, join us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/posts/119438561 00:00 DNA under a microscope 01:17 Kary Mullis at Berkeley 02:50 Cetus and early biotech 04:16 How to detect sickle cell anemia 09:12 Kary Mullis at Cetus 10:39 Infinite DNA glitch explained 15:29 Kary Mullis struggles 18:10 Thermus Aquaticus to the rescue 23:53 Going public 26:59 The quirky genius, Kary Mullis ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Farbod Mansorian, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, and wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ References: Mullis, K. (1968). Cosmological Significance of Time Reversal. Nature - https://ve42.co/Mullis1968 Mullis, K. (1997). Dancing Naked in the Mind Field. Vintage - https://ve42.co/Mullis1997 McDonald, C. (2019). Intolerable Genius. Cal Alumni Association - https://ve42.co/McDonald2019 Conner, B. J. et al. (1983). Detection of sickle cell beta S-globin allele by hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - https://ve42.co/Conner1983 Human Beta-globin gene via UniProt - https://ve42.co/BetaGlobin Saiki, R. K. et al. (1985). Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia. Science - https://ve42.co/Saiki1985 Mullis, K. B. (1990). The Unusual Origin of the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Scientific American - https://ve42.co/Mullis1990 Kary B. Mullis via The Nobel Prize - https://ve42.co/Nobel1993 Restriction Enzymes via The Nobel Prize - https://ve42.co/Nobel1978 Saiki, R. K. et al. (1988). Primer-Directed Enzymatic Amplification of DNA with a Thermostable DNA Polymerase. Science - https://ve42.co/Saiki1988 Smith, T. C. (2024). HIV Denial in the COVID Era. AIDS and Behavior. - https://ve42.co/Smith2024 Mullis, K. B., Faloona, F. A. (1987). Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods in Enzymology - https://ve42.co/Mullis1987 Dr. Kary Mullis about LSD via RadioIciMaintenant Rim - https://ve42.co/MullisLSD Brock, T. D., & Freeze, H. (1969). Thermus aquaticus gen. n. and sp. n., a Nonsporulating Extreme Thermophile. Journal of Bacteriology - https://ve42.co/Brock1969 Rediscovering Yellowstone via UW-Madison - https://ve42.co/Madison2017 Presidential Aids Advisory Panel Report via gov.za - https://ve42.co/Mbeki2001 Nattrass, N. (2008). AIDS and the Scientific Governance of Medicine in Post-Apartheid South Africa. African Affairs - https://ve42.co/Nattrass2008 Chigwedere, P. et al. (2008). Estimating the Lost Benefits of Antiretroviral Drug Use in South Africa. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes - https://ve42.co/Chigwedere2008 Images & Video: Available here - https://ve42.co/PCRVisuals ▀▀▀ Directed by Gregor Čavlović and Latif Nasser Written by Gregor Čavlović, Latif Nasser, and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by Ivy Tello, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli, Andrew Neet, and Alex Drakoulis Illustrated by Emma Wright, Maria Gusakovich, and Jakub Misiek, Filmed by Derek Muller, Alex Gorosh, and Gregor Čavlović Additional research by Geeta Thakur and Gabriel Strong Produced by Derek Muller, Latif Nasser, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, James Horsley, Luke Lewis, Matthew Cavanagh, Barbara Abraul, Henry Van Dyck, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Maria Gusakovich, Emma Wright, Jakub Misiek, and Tommy Steven Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

This Is the Oldest, Weirdest Instrument On Earth

19/12/2024

This musical instrument is 400,000+ years old and still growing. 🌏 Get exclusive NordVPN deal here ➵ https://NordVPN.com/veritasium It’s risk free with Nord’s 30 day money-back guarantee!✌ Special thanks to Luray Caverns - https://luraycaverns.com/ A massive thanks to Rob Scallon, please check out his YouTube channel -- he posts some incredible videos, like this one -- https://youtu.be/cVqqNigImtU?si=otDDVq_00xB3qCy6 ▀▀▀ Join us on Patreon for early access videos, bonus content, and to support Veritasium! https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Patrons: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Farbod Mansorian, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, meg noah, wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev Edited by Jack Saxon Animated by Jakub Misiek, Fabio Albertelli and Andrew Neet Filmed by Henry van Dyck, Sumeet Kulkarni and Petr Lebedev Additional research by Gabe Strong and Geeta Thakur Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Emily Zhang, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

34 Years Of Strandbeest Evolution

7/12/2024

The surprising genius of Strandbeests. Fight the data brokers with Incogni. Head over to https://incogni.com/veritasium to get 60% off your annual subscription. A massive thank you to Theo Jansen, to learn more about him and his Strandbeests check out: https://www.strandbeest.com/ A special thank you to Adam Savage, check out his channel Tested over at: https://www.youtube.com/tested If you enjoyed the Strandbeest song at the end, you can hear the whole thing on our Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/posts/by-popular-song-117493336 Also on Patreon: an extended bonus interview with Adam Savage https://www.patreon.com/posts/117886682 0:00 Creation of the Beests 2:40 Learning to walk 6:50 Overcoming the sand 9:00 Surviving the storms 11:46 Building muscle 14:27 A developing brain 17:39 Fossils and decay 18:13 Strandbeests and climate change 19:16 Legacy 20:03 The Virus is Spreading ▀▀▀ Join us on Patreon for early access videos, bonus content, and to support Veritasium! https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Patrons: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Farbod Mansorian, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, meg noah, wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/Refstrandbeest Video and Image Credits: Global Temperature Anomalies from 1880 to 2022 by via nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/temp188022 Adam Savage’s TestedAdam Savage's One Day Builds: Pedal-Powered Strandbeest! via Youtube - https://ve42.co/pedalbeest greenmanbucket1980: Walter Cronkite on Climate Change via Youtube - https://ve42.co/cronkitecc ThamesTvClimate Change | Global Warming | Pollution | This Week | 1988 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/1988ccnews AP ArchiveUSA: VICE PRESIDENT AL GORE'S WARNING ON GLOBAL CLIMATE via Youtube - https://ve42.co/goresalarm ThamesTvClimate Change - Warming Warning - 1981 via Youtube - https://ve42.co/1981warning CBS New YorkReport Warns Of Rising Sea Levels via Youtube - https://ve42.co/searise ShatnerMethodEarly Warnings of Climate Change Catastrophe - 1982 - CBS Evening News via Youtube - https://ve42.co/1982cbccc The Weather NetworkNetherlands: Wind storm almost topples truck, tears roof off building via Youtube - https://ve42.co/dutchstorm NBC NewsDeadly Storm Makes Crossing The Street A Battle In The Netherlands | NBC News via Youtube - https://ve42.co/stormbattle Marcel OzymantraA clip from The Simpsons Season 28 Episode 10 "The Nightmare After Krustmas" via Youtube - https://ve42.co/simpsonscc EngineezyI Built A Mechanical Walking Robot (with GPS) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/mechwalker BigWR_永恒跳动的火焰Epic ride | Walking robot creature Strandbeest via Youtube - https://ve42.co/epicbeest JK BrickworksLEGO Steampunk Walking Ship (Strandbeest) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/legobeest The QEpic Cycling | Truly Unique Bicycle that Walks via Youtube - https://ve42.co/bikewalks James BrutonBalancing Strandbeest via Youtube - https://ve42.co/beestbalance TED-EdClosing the Dutch Maeslantkering (flood defence) | Timelapse via Youtube - https://ve42.co/floodclose Peter TheobaldCentaur frame using Strandbeest mechanism - walking test via Youtube - https://ve42.co/centaurbot The QDIY Walking Robotic Creature Strandbeest via Youtube - https://ve42.co/diybeest HiroLabo OECUQuadruped Passive Walker by Strandbeest / Theo Jansen / LEGO via Youtube - https://ve42.co/quadwalker Gabriel LaflammeStrandbeest 3d printed via Youtube - https://ve42.co/3dbeest BigWR_永恒跳动的火焰Epic ride | Walking robot creature Strandbeest via Youtube - https://ve42.co/beestride EngineezyI Built A Mechanical Walking Robot (with GPS) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/gpswalker JKBrickworksLEGO Steampunk Walking Ship (Strandbeest) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/legoship ZenichiWorksThe Playa Crawler Construction via Youtube - https://ve42.co/playabot Concept BytesI built a WALKING coffee table via Youtube - https://ve42.co/walkingtable ▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev Edited by Luke Molloy, Laura Mills, and Peter Nelson Animated by Fabio Albertelli and Mike Radjabov Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Casper Mebius, Rasoel Al Safar and Derek Muller Additional research by Gabe Strong Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Leah Yost, Petr Lebedev, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

What They (Probably) Don't Teach You About Rainbows At School

1/12/2024

You probably don’t understand how a rainbow really works. Get a little smarter every day with Brilliant. Visit https://brilliant.org/veritasium to get 20% off your annual premium subscription. Special thanks to Mats Vermeeren. 00:00 Most people don't understand rainbows 01:08 Light refraction explained 08:20 How does a rainbow form? 13:10 Circular rainbows 15:14 Why are rainbows curved? 17:30 Why can’t you see a rainbow with sunglasses? 18:43 Why is it brighter underneath a rainbow? 20:44 Different types of rainbow 23:46 Invention of the cloud chamber ▀▀▀ Join us on Patreon for early access videos, bonus content, and to support Veritasium! https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Patrons: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Farbod Mansorian, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, Greg Scopel, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV CORRECTION: We mistakenly used picture of the portrait artist Henry Tanworth Wells at 23:54. It should be a picture of CTR Wilson. Sorry! Thanks, @manicpixiedreambuoy, for pointing it out. CORRECTION: The animation at 18:06 shows only the parallel polarization being transmitted, when in reality both parallel and perpendicular polarization light gets transmitted. Perpendicularly polarized light doesn't exhibit a Brester's angle so there's always both reflection and transmission when going from a high index of refraction material to a low index of refraction material. ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/RefsRainbows ▀▀▀ Directed by Pablo Rovetto and Derek Muller Written by Pablo Rovetto and Derek Muller Edited by Nick Lear and Trenton Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, Emma Wright and Fabio Albertelli Filmed by Derek Muller Additional research by Gabe Strong and Geeta Thakur Produced by Pablo Rovetto, Derek Muller, Emily Zhang, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

What Actually Happened To Amelia Earhart?

20/11/2024

The mistakes of Amelia Earhart’s final flight, and the physics that could have saved her. Use code VERITASIUM to get 50% off your 1st club crate when you join a club for kids aged 3+ or go to https://kiwico.com/veritasium 00:00 Amelia Earhart’s final flight 03:33 Who was Amelia Earhart? 05:36 The flight plan 07:13 How celestial navigation works 09:16 Invention of radio technology 12:02 Radio waves explained 22:44 Earhart makes her critical decision 24:55 Communication failures 28:30 “Gas is running low” 31:39 Her desperate final message 33:01 The small detail that could have saved her Special thanks to Clifford Heath for his help putting together the radio demo, and the folks at the Victorian ARDF group for connecting us. Thank you to Brian Harrison and Michael Murphy with the AWA Communication Technologies Museum for their assistance with early research. Thank you to Peter Bevelacqua over at Antenna Theory for help filling in some missing details. Sharp-eyed viewers might notice there doesn't seem to be a loop antenna in the flight simulation shots. It sadly wasn't included in the simulator's model of Earhart's Electra, but it features prominently in old photos. The Secret Life of Radio video credits: Tim Hunkin - https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=4AyDKVi6brMqSIMD&v=LMxate9gegg&feature=youtu.be Join us on Patreon for early access videos, bonus content, and to support Veritasium! https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Patrons: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, Greg Scopel, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV References: https://ve42.co/RefsEarhart Directed by Sulli Yost and Derek Muller Written by Sulli Yost and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson Animated by David Szakaly, Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, Mohamed Alhaj, Emma Wright Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright, Maria Gusakovich Filmed by Derek Muller and Bernard Lau Additional Research by Gabriel Strong, Geeta Thakur Produced by Sulli Yost, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, Umar Ijaz Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman

The Most Important Material Ever Made

13/11/2024

Glass is one of the most important materials humans have ever made. Try out Saily by heading to https://saily.com/veritasium and remember to use coupon code veritasium to get 15% off your first purchase. 00:00 Glass and our place in the universe 01:23 How Gorilla Glass works 04:35 What is glass? 05:15 Is glass a liquid? 07:29 Different types of glass 09:59 Invention of transparent glass 11:56 Why is some glass transparent? 14:54 Invention of glass lenses 15:52 Development of magnification 18:02 How to make glass more durable ▀▀▀ Join us on Patreon for early access videos, bonus content, and to support Veritasium! https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Patrons: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, Greg Scopel, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/GlassReferences ▀▀▀ Directed by Petr Lebedev Written by Petr Lebedev and Derek Muller Edited by Nick Lear Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly and Rokas Viksraitis Illustrated by Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright, and Maria Gusakovich Filmed by Petr Lebedev, Sulli Yost and Miranda Prise Additional research by Gabe Strong, Geeta Thakur Produced by Petr Lebedev, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Gabe Strong, and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

On These Math Problems, Smarter People Do Worse

4/11/2024

Being better at math can make you worse at math problems, and it’s completely rational. Get all sides of every story at https://groundnews.com/Ve and read the news with a data-driven approach. Subscribe through my link for 50% off unlimited access– their biggest discount of the year. 00:00 This research paper has fascinated me for years 00:21 The skin cream question 04:20 How politics influences our reasoning 5:10 The gun control question 8:42 Are people rational decision makers? 9:27 Why people think tribally 10:38 What can we do about political polarisation? ▀▀▀ Join us on Patreon for early access videos and exclusive bonus content https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Patrons: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, Greg Scopel, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ References: Kahan D, M. et al. (Sept 3, 2014). Motivated numeracy and enlightened self-government. Behavioural public policy, 1(1), 54-86 - https://ve42.co/Kahan2017 TEDx Talks. (Dec 10, 2018). Are Smart People Ruining Democracy? via Youtube - https://ve42.co/KahanTedx Cardiff University. (Mar 6, 2014). The Science Communication Environment via Youtube - https://ve42.co/KahanCardiff spitfirestrategies. (Nov 21, 2012). How cultural values shape beliefs and perceptions of risk via Youtube - https://ve42.co/KahanSpirit Images & Video: TEDx Talks. (Dec 10, 2018). Are Smart People Ruining Democracy? via Youtube - https://ve42.co/KahanTedx ▀▀▀ Directed by Wylie Overstreet and Derek Muller Written by Wylie Overstreet and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, James Cheetham Illustrated by Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright, and Maria Gusakovich Filmed by Derek Muller and Wylie Overstreet Additional research by Gabe Strong Produced by Wylie Overstreet, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Gabe Strong, Gregor Čavlović, and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

The Closest We’ve Come to a Theory of Everything

29/10/2024

The single principle that underpins all of physics. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription. A massive thank you to Prof. Steven Strogatz for his expertise and enthusiasm. As an exclusive bonus for our Patreon members, we've posted a longer interview with Prof. Strogatz over there: https://www.patreon.com/posts/principle-of-116042877 A huge thank you to Prof. Haithem Taha, Prof. Anthony Bloch, Dr. Carl-Fredrik Nyberg Brodda, Dr. Sarah Millholland, and Dr. Andrew Mitchell for all their help with finding the story and getting it right. A special thanks to Dr. Aurèle Adam, Ron Haaksman, Marc Serra Peralta, and everyone at the Delft Makerspace for their help with preparing and performing experiments. 00:00 One rule that replaces all of physics 00:51 The problem of fastest descent 05:09 Fermat's principle 07:17 Bernoulli's solution 10:38 Maupertuis' principle 12:28 Maupertuis attacked and ridiculed 14:01 Euler & Lagrange to the rescue 17:22 The general approach to solving these problems 19:32 Writing the principle into its modern form 23:17 Why the principle works 27:08 Another way to do mechanics 30:19 A “spooky” breakthrough ▀▀▀ Join us on Patreon for early access videos and exclusive bonus content https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Patrons: Adam Foreman, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Burt Humburg, Chris Harper, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Josh Hibschman, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Martin, Matthias Wrobel, Max Paladino, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Stephen Wilcox, Tj Steyn, Toni , TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ Key references: A fantastic book on the history of the Principle of Least Action: Rojo, A. and Bloch, A. The Principle of Least Action: History and Physics. - https://ve42.co/Bloch2018 Coopersmith, J. (2017). The lazy universe: an introduction to the principle of least action. Oxford University Press. - https://ve42.co/LazyU 3Blue1Brown. The Brachistochrone, with Steven Strogatz via Youtube - https://ve42.co/Brach3B1B Vsauce. The Brachistochrone via Youtube - https://ve42.co/BrachV PBS Space Time. Is ACTION The Most Fundamental Property in Physics? via Youtube - https://ve42.co/PBSAction Full list of references: https://ve42.co/LeastActionRefs Images & Video: Voltaire. (1753). Diatribe du Docteur Akakia. - https://ve42.co/DiatribeAkakia Philosophical Transactions cover. via Wikimedia Commons - https://ve42.co/PhilTransImage Kids Fun Science. (Jun 28, 2017). Refraction of Light with a arrow experiment via Youtube - https://ve42.co/RefractionFunSci Physics with Simon Poliakoff. Refraction demonstration with water and laser via Youtube - https://ve42.co/SimonPoliakoff Mercury Transit Across Sun. via Nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/MercTransit ▀▀▀ Directed by Casper Mebius Written by Casper Mebius and Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, Gregor Čavlović, Emma Wright, James Finnemore and David Szakaly Illustrated by Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright, and Maria Gusakovich Filmed by Derek Muller and Casper Mebius Additional research by Gabe Strong, Gregor Čavlović, and Geeta Thakur Produced by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Gabe Strong, Gregor Čavlović, and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Storyblocks, and NASA SVS Music from Epidemic Sound

We Might Find Alien Life In 1,796 Days

11/10/2024

Europa Clipper is looking for signs of alien life in a very deadly place. Head to http://80000hours.org/veritasium to start planning a career that can help change the world for the better. A massive thank you to Dr. Robert Pappalardo for his expertise and time. A huge thank you to Gretchen McCartney and Cynthia B. Phillips at NASA JPL for their help. For more on hydrothermal vents, check out NaturalWorldFacts on YouTube - @NaturalWorldFacts 00:00 ATTEMPT NO LANDING. 01:06 Jupiter’s deadly radiation belts 03:56 Europa’s secret 06:15 Why Europa isn’t completely frozen 08:03 Effects of tidal flexing 09:13 Why alien life could exist 10:39 How Europa Clipper detects signs of life 11:34 Why not Enceladus? 13:01 Europa Clipper’s instruments 15:13 Launch date and first results ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Shiroyasha, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ References: Europa Clipper via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/ECWiki Magnetosphere of Jupiter via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/JupiterMagWiki Europa Clipper (2024) via Nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/ECNasa Extraterrestrial Cycloids - Why Are They on Europa? via minutephysics on YouTube - https://ve42.co/MinPhysCycloid Hand, K. P. & Carlson, R. W. (2015). Europa’s surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride. Geophysical research letters - https://ve42.co/Carlson2015 Dalton, J. B. et al. (2003). Near-Infrared Detection of Potential Evidence for Microscopic Organisms on Europa. Astrobiology - https://ve42.co/Dalton2003 Europa Clipper: Exploring Jupiter's Ocean World (2024, May 24) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/PappalardoLec Carr, M., Belton, M., Chapman, C. et al. (1998). Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa. Nature 391, 363–365 - https://ve42.co/Carr1998 New Findings Support Prospect of Life on Jupiter’s Moon Europa (2024) via Nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/NasaEuropaLife Meitzler, R., Jun, I., Blase, R. et al. (2023). Investigating Europa’s Radiation Environment with the Europa Clipper Radiation Monitor. Space Sci Rev 219, 61 - https://ve42.co/Meitzler2023 #europaclipper Images & Video: 2010: The Year We Make Contact - https://ve42.co/2010Contact CGI animations via NASA - https://ve42.co/NasaCGI NASA Eyes on the Solar System - https://ve42.co/NasaEyes Jupiter's magnetosphere via Chandra X-Ray Center - https://ve42.co/JupiterMagChandra Io's Volcanoes via BBC Earth Science - https://ve42.co/IoBBCEarth Clipper ships via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/ClipperShipWiki Various moon images via NASA - https://ve42.co/NasaMoons Hydrothermal vent animation from NaturalWorldFacts - https://ve42.co/NWFVentAnims Hydrothermal vent footage by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute - https://ve42.co/ARIVent Snotbot footage from VICE News - https://ve42.co/SnotBotVice Plate tectonics on Europa by Noah Kroese - https://ve42.co/KroeseTectonics JUICE CGI animations via ESA - https://ve42.co/JUICECGIESA Arthur C. Clarke photo via ITU Pictures under the CC 2.0 license - https://ve42.co/ClarkePhoto ▀▀▀ Directed by Gregor Čavlović Written by Gregor Čavlović and Derek Muller Edited by Jack Saxon Animated by Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, and Jack Saxon Illustrated by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev and Gregor Čavlović Additional research by Gabriel Strong Produced by Derek Muller, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Luke Lewis, Barbara Abraul, Gabriel Strong, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, and Jakub Misiek Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound

People said this experiment was impossible, so I tried it - Thermite Part 1

5/10/2024

The world’s first look inside a thermite reaction. Use code veritasium at https://incogni.com/veritasium to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan. A massive thank you to everyone at Goldschmidt for making this possible. With special thanks to Dr. Axel Hoeschen, Christof Gassmann and Claudia Koch. 00:00 What is thermite? 00:51 Hans Goldschmidt and the first thermite reaction 05:55 The reaction as it’s never been seen before 14:57 How thermite welding works 17:43 I destroyed a laptop! 26:44 How thermite is made 31:11 Blow-torching thermite to show how reactive it is If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. https://snatoms.com/ ▀▀▀ References: Archives from Goldschmidt Thermite via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/WikiThermite From the past to the present. via goldschmidt.com - https://ve42.co/Past2Present Hans Goldschmidt via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/HansGWiki Goldschmidt, H. (1914). Gesammelte Veröffentlichungen (1st Ed.). Springer-Verlag - https://ve42.co/HGoldschmit1914 Menzies, J. (2015, January 8). Mechanic's Toolbox: Thermite Welding. SFMTA. - https://ve42.co/ThermiteWelding Kirshenbaum, A. D., & Cahill, J. A. (1960). The density of liquid aluminium oxide. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry - https://ve42.co/CahillA1960 Reichstag fire via Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/ReichstagFireWiki Images & Video: Karl Goldschmidt - https://ve42.co/KGoldschmidt Goldschmidt Chemical Factory - https://ve42.co/GSFabrik Henry Treffry Dunn Rossetti and Dunton at 16 Cheyne Walk - https://ve42.co/Treffry The Green Gown - https://ve42.co/GreenGown Arsenic Green Dress - https://ve42.co/ArsenicGreenDress Kersting, Die Stickerin - https://ve42.co/Fassung Too Early Tissot Detail - https://ve42.co/Tissot Death Skull - https://ve42.co/Skull British uniforms - https://ve42.co/BritishUniforms Thermit in Practice - https://ve42.co/SKallee Thermite Ship Shaft Welding 1 - https://ve42.co/ShipShaft1 Thermite Ship Shaft Welding 2 - https://ve42.co/ShipShaft2 Using Incendiary Grenade to Destroy German Antitank Gun by OkraJoe - https://youtu.be/RTSiq5QYHGo?si=Va_6dPimFuaQfFp5 Reichstagsbrand - https://ve42.co/RTBrand Ruins of the Reichstagsbrand - https://ve42.co/RTBrand2 The Thermite Kettle by colinfurze - https://youtu.be/mg3bFxdAZsY?si=BmBIYPUlP1Wfpuoj ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Ayush Agrawal, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee ▀▀▀ Directed by Derek Muller Written by Derek Muller Edited by Trenton Oliver Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Rokas Vikšraitis and Mike Radjabov Illustrations by Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller, David Bochmann, Casper Mebius, Luise Dietert, Henning Fischer and Harald Schweiger Additional Research by Gregor Čavlović and Gabriel Strong Produced by Gregor Čavlović, Derek Muller, Casper Mebius, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley and Casper Mebius Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks Music from Epidemic Sound

I built a QR code with my bare hands to see how it works

30/09/2024

How do QR codes work? The checkerboard patterns taking over the world, demystified. Go to https://Saily.com/veritasium and use the code ‘veritasium’ to get an exclusive 15% off your first purchase. Special thanks to Mashiro Hara and Yuki Watanabe. 00:00 I was wrong 00:49 How Morse Code revolutionized communication 03:57 How barcodes work 10:34 How QR codes store information 18:16 Why damaged QR codes still work 29:54 Why are QR codes so common? 31:21 How safe are QR codes? 32:25 The future of QR codes If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically. https://snatoms.com/ ▀▀▀ References: https://ve42.co/QRCodeRefs Images & Video: 1940’s grocery store - H.I.C - https://ve42.co/1940sShop Why Americans Are Obsessed With Peanut Butter via Youtube - https://ve42.co/PeanutButter1 Jif Peanut Butter 90s Commercial (1998) via Youtube - https://ve42.co/PeanutButter2 Vericode Symbol via Youtube - https://ve42.co/VericodeSymbol Oreo introduces Sour Patch Kids cookies via YouTube - https://ve42.co/OreaSour BSE - Changes in Behaviour via YouTube - https://ve42.co/BSE QR Code with Drones | Firefly Drone Show via YouTube - https://ve42.co/DroneQRCode Damaged barcode 1 by christiaangpr via Reddit - https://ve42.co/DamagedBarcode1 Damaged barcode 2, Midcom service group https://ve42.co/DamagedBarcode2 Oskana, G and Petkova, A. (2020 July 1). Testing a nano-barcodes marking technology for identification and protection of the mechanical products, Fig. 1 - https://ve42.co/MatrixCodes NASA Celebrates 40 Years of the Voyager Mission via Nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/Voyager40Yr Apollo footage via Nasa.gov - https://ve42.co/ApolloFootage Snake in a QR code by MattKC via mattkc.com - https://ve42.co/SnakeQR Scratched CD by Ice3yes via Reddit - https://ve42.co/ScratchedCD Alfred Vail Portrait via si.edu - https://ve42.co/AlfredVail Bernard Silver Portrait vai invent.org - https://ve42.co/BernardSilver Norman Joseph Woodland Portrait via usatoday.com https://ve42.co/NormanWoodland Masahiro Hara portrait via denso.com https://ve42.co/MasahiroPhoto Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph patents via Wikipedia: https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent1 https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent2 https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent3 https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent4 https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent5 https://ve42.co/TelegraphPatent6 5 needle telegraph via cachesleuth.com- https://ve42.co/NeedleTelegraph ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kirill Shore, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Reed Spilmann, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, gpoly, john kiehl, meg noah, wolfee ▀▀▀ Directed by Sumeet Kulkarni Written by Sumeet Kulkarni and Derek Muller Edited by Peter Nelson and Luke Molloy Animated by David Szakaly, Fabio Albertelli, James Finnemore, Ivy Tello Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Emma Wright Filmed by Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno Additional Research by Gabriel Strong Produced by Sumeet Kulkarni, Derek Muller, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, Emily Zhang Thumbnail contributions by Peter Sheppard, Ren Hurley, David Szakaly, Gregor Čavlović, Raquel Nuno Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Story Blocks Music from Epidemic Sound

Exposing The Flaw In Our Phone System

21/09/2024

Can you trust your phone? Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial and get 20% off an annual premium subscription. A huge thank you to Linus Sebastian and the team at Linus Tech Tips - check them out at @LinusTechTips A massive thank you to Alexandre De Oliveira and Karsten Nohl (aka @hackingmatters) for making this demo possible. Karsten has made a great follow-up video on the subject, which you can watch here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miXRoy-5LLo A special thanks to Crofton Black at Lighthouse Reports, Cathal Mc Daid at Enea, and James Hobson at @hacksmith 00:00 I hacked Linus! 00:59 How Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak hacked the telephone network 02:22 Early history of the telephone 07:08 The kidnapping of Sheikha Latifa 08:41 How Signalling System No. 7 works 11:03 Why SS7 is vulnerable to hacking 12:15 How hackers gain access to phones 16:17 How I was able to spy on Linus’ phone 18:09 How hackers can intercept text messages 21:04 How your location can be tracked via SS7 29:03 How to protect your phone from hacking ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters! Join the community to help us keep our videos free, forever: https://ve42.co/PatreonDE Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Anton Ragin, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Bill Linder, Blake Byers, Bruce, Burt Humburg, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, I. H., Jack Cuprill, John H. Austin, Jr., john kiehl, Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures and wolfee If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically - https://ve42.co/SnatomsV ▀▀▀ References: Black, C. (2020). Spy companies using Channel Islands to track phones around the world. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism - https://ve42.co/SpyTBIJ It is dangerously easy to hack the world’s phones via The Economist - https://ve42.co/EconHack Blake, H. (2023). The Fugitive Princesses of Dubai. The New Yorker - https://ve42.co/DubaiNY McDaid, C. (2021). How Surveillance Companies Track You Using Mobile Networks. media.ccc.de - https://ve42.co/McDaid2021 Engel, T. (2014). SS7: Locate. Track. Manipulate. media.ccc.de - https://ve42.co/Engel2014 Nohl, K. (2014). Mobile self-defense. media.ccc.de - https://ve42.co/Nohl2014 How Cell Service Actually Works via WendoverProductions - https://ve42.co/CellWendover How Telephone Phreaking Worked via The 8-Bit Guy - https://ve42.co/8BitGuy Transmission Lines: Part 1 An Introduction via TheSiGuy - https://ve42.co/TheSiGuy The Step-By-Step Switch via AT&T Tech Channel - https://ve42.co/SwitchATNT Hacking Your Phone via 60 Minutes - https://ve42.co/60minHack Rosenbaum, R. (1971). Secrets of the Little Blue Box. The Esquire Magazine - https://ve42.co/Rosenbaum1971 Black, C. et. al. (2023). Ghost in the network. Lighthouse Reports - https://ve42.co/Black2023 Kerr, D. (2019). The step-by-step telephone switching system. dougkerr.net - https://ve42.co/Kerr2019 Ecall and 2G/3G Network Obsolescence via PFA Plateforme Automobile - https://ve42.co/PFAAuto2021 Images & Video: All references can be found here: https://ve42.co/PhoneSpyingImageVideo ▀▀▀ Directed by Henry van Dyck Written by Henry van Dyck Edited by Laura Mills Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Ivy Tello, David Szakaly, and Jakub Misiek Filmed by Derek Muller and Linus Media Group Team Additional research by Gabe Strong Produced by Derek Muller, Henry van Dyck, Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Emily Lazard, Luke Lewis, Gregor Čavlović, and Emily Zhang Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks Music from Epidemic Sound